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Biology > Errors During Meiosis > Flashcards

Errors During Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What steps provide the potential for chromosomal abnormalities

A

crossing over and independent assortment

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2
Q

Many errors produces gametes that…

A
  • cannot survive
  • cannot survive and produce a zygote
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3
Q

How does an error in meiosis impact all the cells in the offspring?

A

All the cells will contain the error

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4
Q

During crossing over, what happens?

A

The chemical bonds that hold the DNA together in the chromosome are broken and reformed.

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5
Q

What is an example of the chromosome not reforming correctly?

A

unequal crossing over or non-homologous pairs may cross over

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6
Q

What are some errors to chromosome structure

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

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7
Q

What is a deletion in chromosomes?

A

a piece of the chromosome is deleted, and genes are lost

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8
Q

What is a duplication in chromosomes?

A

a section of a chromosome appears two or more times in row

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9
Q

What is an inversion in chromosomes?

A

a section of the chromosome in inverted

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10
Q

What is a translocation in chromosomes?

A

a segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome (non-homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information)

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11
Q

Name diseases caused by chromosome mutations

A
  • Cri du chat
  • charcot-marie tooth disease
  • FG Syndrome
    Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
  • XX Male Syndrome
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12
Q

What causes cri du chat?

A

a deletion in chromosome 5

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13
Q

What are symptoms of children with cri do chat?

A

they cry with a high-pitched, catlike sound, low birth weight, widely spaced eyes, recessed chin, and developmental and cognitive delays

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14
Q

Is there a cure for cri do chat

A

no

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15
Q

what causes charcot-Marie tooth disease?

A

a duplication of a gene on chromosome 17

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

A

muscle weakness, loss of some sensation in the lower legs, feet and hands, a high foot arch with a constantly flexed tow.

17
Q

Is there a cure for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease?

A

no

18
Q

What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

A

it is a cancer of the white blood cells

19
Q

What causes Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

A

a translocation between chromosome 9 and 22

20
Q

What is the treatment for CML?

A

using a drug that stops the increased production of white blood cells that the abnormal gene causes

21
Q

How is XX male syndrome caused?

A

a translocation between X and Y chromosomes. The gene that makes a human male is found on the Y chromosome (SRY gene) is accidentally transferred to the X chromosome during crossing-over. It will result in an XX chromosome that is male rather than female

22
Q

What are symptoms of XX gene?

A

small testicles, sterile, poor facial hair growth, development of breasts in the male

23
Q

define non-disjunction

A

when homologous chromosomes pairs or sister chromatids do NOT separate

24
Q

When can non-disjunction occur?

A

in anaphase I or anaphase II

25
Q

what is the result of non-disjunction?

A

it results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes

26
Q

Why does non-disjunction occur?

A

because spindle fibres do not separate chromosomes properly

27
Q

aneuploidy definition

A

having an abnormal number of chromosomes

28
Q

When an abnormal gamete combines with another…

A

a zygote with an abnormal number chromosomes is produced

29
Q

trisomy definition

A

when a zygote has one extra copy of a chromosome (having 3 copies of a chromosome instead of a normal pair)

30
Q

monosomy definition

A

when a zygote is missing one copy of a chromosome

31
Q

aneuploid definition

A

an organism with an abnormal number of chromosomes

32
Q

How is Down Syndrome described in terms of chromosomes

A

trisomy 21 - has 3 copies of the chromosome 21

33
Q

The rate of nondisjunction leading to down syndrome increases with maternal age

A
34
Q

What process produces genetic diversity through random distribution of maternal & paternal chromosomes(meaning they can line up on either side of the metaphase plate)?

A

independent assortment

35
Q

in which phase do chromosome form tetrads?

A

prophase I of meiosis

36
Q

Gametes have…

A

one copy of each chromosome

37
Q

What is the ploidy of cells at the end of meiosis I?

A

haploid

Biology (22 decks)

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