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Biology > Intro to Nutrition > Flashcards

Intro to Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does the new Canadian Food Guide Consist of?

A

Recommendations for half of the diet to be fruits and vegetables. A quarter protein and a quarter carbs. Water is the recommended drink of choice

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2
Q

What is the importance of Nutrition?

A
  • Energy for body metabolism (nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, repair and replacement of cells)
  • Raw materials for building blocks of cells (proteins for muscles, calcium for bones, fats for cell membranes)
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3
Q

What are the essential nutrients?

A

Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and water

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4
Q

What are macronutrients and some examples?

A

nutrients taken in large amounts daily, provide energy. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

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5
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

minerals, vitamins

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

major sources of energy, quick energy source

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7
Q

What are the organic molecules that make up carbohydrates?

A

C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen)

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8
Q

What are the three carbohydrate examples?

A

Monosaccharide (C6 H12 O6)
Disaccharide (C12 H22 O11)
Polysaccharide (Cn Hn On)

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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10
Q

What are the 3 monosacchrides and where can they be found?

A
  • fructose (in fruits and honey)
  • galactose (in milk)
  • glucose (in starch)
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11
Q

What is the chemical formula of monosaccharides?

A

C6 H12 O6

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12
Q

What is dehydration synthesis or condensation?

A

when you remove a water molecule to combine 2 monosacchride molecules forming a disaccharide

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13
Q

What are Disacchrides made of?

A

glucose + glucose -> maltose + water
OR
glucose + fructose -> sucrose + water
OR
glucose +galactose -> lactose + water

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14
Q

What can break maltose easily into two glucose molecules?

A

hydrolysis

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15
Q

What can break sucrose easily into glucose and fructose?

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

what is sucrose

A

common table sugar

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17
Q

what is lactose?

A

sugar in milk

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18
Q

Where are polysaccharides found?

A

They are stored in grains and vegetables

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19
Q

What are examples of Polysaccharide?

A

glycogen, cellulose

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20
Q

What is glycogen made by?

A

animals

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21
Q

What does the hormone insulin do?

A

It converts excess glucose to glyvogen and stored in the liver?

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22
Q

What does the hormone glucagon do?

A

It converts glycogen back to glucose when the blood sugar is low

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23
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In plant cell walls

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24
Q

What makes up the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

A

Fats

25
Q

What does cellullose do? What is its purpose?

A

It is not digested in the human intestine, but provides roughage or fibre in the intestine for waste elimination

26
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane contain?

A

phosphates, lipids, cholesterol

27
Q

What elements make up the organic molecules that form Fats?

A

C, H, O

28
Q

What do physical fats in the body do?

A

they surround and protect vital organs and joints, fats underneath skin, and insulate the body

29
Q

What is the triglyceride fats structure?

A

a 3-C glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids (long chain of C’s with an acid group at the end)

30
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

fats where all the carbon branches are filled with hydrogen

31
Q

What state are saturated fats in at room temperature?

A

solid

32
Q

What are some examples of saturated fats?

A

animals fat, butter, lard, hard margarines (saturated artificially)

33
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Fats where not all carbon branches are filled with hydrogen

34
Q

What state are unsaturated fats in at room temperature?

A

liquid

35
Q

What are some examples of unsaturated fats?

A

vegetable oil, nut oils, some fish oils, some margarines.

36
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A

cell membrane

37
Q

What is the phospholipid Bilayer made of?

A

A hydrophilic head (phosphate + nitrate + glycerol) and hyrdrophobic tail (2 fatty acids)

38
Q

Hydrophilic definition

A

water “loving”

39
Q

hydrophobic definition

A

water “fearing”

40
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

cholesterol is a soft, waxy lipid in body cells, arteries, veins and on cell membranes. It insulates nerves and produces vitamin D bile acids and hormones

41
Q

Where can cholesterol be found richly?

A

In meat, shellfish, whole-milk products, egg-yolks

42
Q

Where can cholesterol be obtained from?

A

External sources (food) but it can also be produced in the liver

43
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol? Which one is good and which one is bad?

A

HDL (good)
LDL (bad)

44
Q

What is cholesterol carried by and where?

A

through the bloodstream by lipoproteins

45
Q

What is HDL cholesterol

A

high density lipoproteins. It is good.

46
Q

What is LDL cholesterol

A

low density lipoproteins bad cholesterol

47
Q

What does HDL (good cholesterol) do?

A

It is stable and carries LDL away from the arteries.

48
Q

What does LDL (bad) cholesterol do?

A

It sticks to the artery walls and contributes to plaque build up.

49
Q

Where are lipoproteins found?

A

in the blood

50
Q

What are lipoproteins made out of?

A

proteins and lipids (phospholipids) on the outside

51
Q

What do lipoproteins do?

A

transport fats (triglycerides and cholesterol in water-based bloodstream

52
Q

What do proteins provide?

A

structure within the body, muscles, skin, nails, hair, organs, cells membrance protein channels, anitbodies and enzymes

53
Q

What elements make up protein the organic molecules?

A

C(Carbon) H(hydrogen) O(oxygen) N(nitrogen)

54
Q

What are polypeptides broken down to? With the help of what

A

dipeptides and amino acids. digestive enzymes

55
Q

What are all proteins built from?

A

A set of 20 amino acids

56
Q

What are essential amino acids? How many are there?

A

amino acids not made in the body, so they must be obtained from food. There are 9

57
Q

What is a complete protein source?

A

protein that has enough (all) of the 9 essential amino acids

58
Q

What are examples of complete proteins

A

animal protein sources

59
Q

How do peptide bonds form?

A

When an amino group and carboxyl group come together a H20 molecule is removed and a peptide bond is formed.

Biology (22 decks)

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