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Biology > Intro to Genetics > Flashcards

Intro to Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Define DNA

A

like a blueprint of information to make an organism

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3
Q

How does DNA control activities?

A

providing instructions to make proteins

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4
Q

Nucleotide is made of three smaller units. What are they?

A
  • Deoxyribose - a sugar
  • phosphate group
  • one of four nitrogenous bases
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5
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A), guanine(G), thymine(T) and cytosine(C)

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6
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are double ringed?

A

adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are double ringed?

A

thymine and cytosine

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8
Q

Adenine always pairs with…

A

Thymine

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9
Q

Guanine always pairs with…

A

Cytosine

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10
Q

What are the rings for pairs?

A

pairs always include one double ring and one single ring

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11
Q

A Nucleotide

A

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) - the ACTG

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12
Q

What happens to DNA during mitosis?

A

it is copied and passed onto new cells

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13
Q

How is DNA described as it runs in opposite directions?

A

anti-parallel

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14
Q

What kind of end do you need to have to add to DNA

A

3’

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15
Q

purines

A

nucleotides with double ringed structures

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16
Q

Nucleotides can be either____ or _____

A

purines or pyrimidines

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17
Q

pyrimidine

A

nucleotides with a single ring structure

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18
Q

A Giant - A,G

A

mnemonic device to remember the purines, adenine and guanine

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19
Q

CuTe - C,T

A

mnemonic device to remember the pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine

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20
Q

What is the structure of DNA, describe it.

A

The structure of DNA is a double helix - where two chains of nucleotides run in opposite directions and join in the middle

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21
Q

Why can you determine the sequence of DNA on the second strand?

A

Because DNA is double-stranded if you know the seqence on one strand you can determine the sequence of the other strand, based on the nucleotide pairs

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22
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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23
Q

What is another nucleic acid found in cells that is similar to DNA?

A

RNA

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24
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

nucleotides

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25
Q

RNA is made of nucleotides consisting of three parts….

A

phosphate group, sugar (ribose) and a nitrogenous base

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26
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of RNA

A
  • same: adenine, guanine and cytosine
  • different: uracil instead of thymine
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27
Q

How is RNA shaped?

A

Rna is a single-stranded helix,

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28
Q

What does Uracil pair with?

A

adenine

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29
Q

What does DNA make?

A

protein

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30
Q

What are proteins?

A

proteins are complex molecules with unique three-dimensional shapes

31
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

a string of amino acids

32
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

33
Q

How does DNA relate to the amino acids.

A

DNA contains the instructions to put the amino acids in the correct order.

34
Q

What is the basic idea of transcription and translation?

A

It is the process of making genes

35
Q

How does RNA relate to DNA and proteins?

A

RNA is the intermediate between genes on DNA and the proteins they code for

36
Q

Define transcription

A

the process of making RNA using DNA (DNA ro mRNA)

37
Q

what does mRNA stand for?

A

messenger RNA

38
Q

Why is mRNA called what it is?

A

because it can leave the nucleus

39
Q

What is translation?

A

translation is the production of polypeptides which occurs using mRNA (mRNA to protein)

40
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

The ribosomes

41
Q

Where are the instructions for assembling amino acids encoded?

A

They are encoded into DNA

42
Q

how many nucleotide bases are there?

A

4

43
Q

what is a triplet code used for?

A

A triplet code is used meaning three nucleotides in row code for one amino acid

44
Q

what are codons?

A

the mRNA base triplets

45
Q

what direction are codons read in?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

46
Q

what information does each codon provide?

A

it specifies the amino acid to be placed at the corresponding position along the polypeptide

47
Q

What enzyme is used to make mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase

48
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

it catalyzes the reaction, which pulls the DNA strands apart and starts putting together RNA nucleotides

49
Q

What does the ending, “ase,” mean?

A

an enzyme

50
Q

What is the promoter region?

A

the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds

51
Q

What is a terminator?

A

the sequence signalling the end of transcription

52
Q

How many codons are there? And what is their breakdown?

A

There are 64 codons. 61 of them code for amino acids, and 3 are terminators

53
Q

What do tRNAs carry on their ends?

A

each tRNA carries a specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other end.

54
Q

What does the anticodon pair with?

A

The anticodon base pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA

55
Q

How long is a tRNA molecule?

A

about 80 nucleotides long

56
Q

What is a tRNA molecule made out of?

A

made of a single RNA strand

57
Q

What is the rough shape of tRNA, why is it shaped like this?

A

It is roughly L shaped due to the hydrogen bonds (it twists and folds)

58
Q

What helps bring the tRNA anticodon with the mRNA codon in protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes.

59
Q

What are the 3 binding sites for tRNA and where are they?

A

A, P, E in the ribosome

60
Q

What is in the A site?

A

it holds the tRNA that carries the amino acids to be added to the chain

61
Q

What is in the P site?

A

it carries the growing polypeptide chain

62
Q

What is in the E site?

A

it is the exit site, where the tRNA that’s now empty leaves the ribosome

63
Q

What is a mutation?

A

changes in the genetic material of a cell.

64
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A

Point, missense and nonsense

65
Q

What are point mutations?

A

they are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

66
Q

What are the two types of point mutations?

A

base pair substitutions or base pair insertions or deletions

67
Q

What is a base pair substitution?

A

It replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

68
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

a mutations that has no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy of the genetic code

69
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

It is a change in the amino acid. It will still code for an amino acid, but not the same amino acid

70
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

It is the most severe type, it is a replacement of a single nucleotide.

71
Q

What can sometimes happen in a nonsense mutation?

A

It can change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always making a non-functional protein.

71
Q

Insetions and Deletions

A

additions and losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

72
Q

a frameshift mutation

A

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Biology (22 decks)

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