ES. Glands and Hormones

Question 1

what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 1

infundibulum

Question 2

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

thermoregulation
hormone secretion
circadian rhythms
motivation
emotions

Question 3

what are the 2 groups of hormones secreted by hypothalamus?

Answer 3

primary and throphic

Question 4

how does thermoregulation work?

Answer 4

• low core body temp recognised by thermoreceptors in hypothalamus
• they compare temp with ‘set point’
• effectors increase heat production and decrease heat loss

Question 5

how does the hypothalamus have a role in regulating the circadian rhythm?

Answer 5

responding to day/night cycles

Question 6

where do hormones produces in the hypothalamus pass?

Answer 6

posterior pituitary along nerve axons

Question 7

where are hormones produced in the hypothalamus released into circulation?

Answer 7

in posterior pituitary

Question 8

the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones. where do these pass and via what?

Answer 8

to anterior pituitary via blood vessels

Question 9

the hypothalamus produces releasing hormones. what do these trigger?

Answer 9

secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

Question 10

name hypothalamic hormones.

Answer 10

corticotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone
thyrotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone )

Question 11

which hormones are related from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 11

adrenocorticotrophic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
growth hormone
prolactin

Question 12

what does it mean if it is a hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Answer 12

have trophic effect and acts somewhere else after release of second hormone

Question 13

what clinical effect would removing cortisol quickly have on a patient?

Answer 13

may lead to hypersensitivity to adrenaline

Question 14

what does the stimulus do to the hypothalamus in feedback?

Answer 14

causes it to release releasing hormones to stimulate pituitary gland

Question 15

what does negative feedback of thyroid hormone effect?

Answer 15

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 16

how are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced and where?
where do they pass?

Answer 16

by neurons in the hypothalamus
pass along axons to posterior part of pituitary

Question 17

what are the 2 nucleuses in the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

supraoptic and paraventricular

Question 18

where does the antidiuretic hormone act and what does it do?**

Answer 18

kidney - water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Question 19

what oxytocin do?

Answer 19

• contraction of uterus (parturition)
• milk ejection

Question 20

what does prolactin do?

Answer 20

breast development and milk production

Question 21

……………

Question 22

where is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 22

in neck anterior to trachea

Question 23

which hormones are produced in the thyroid gland?

Answer 23

thyroid hormones, T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 24

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 24

regulated calcium levels

Question 25

what cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 25

parafollicular c cells

Question 26

what is T3 thyroid hormone?

Answer 26

tri-iodo-thyronine

Question 27

what is T3 thyroid hormone?

Answer 27

tri-iodo-thyronine

Question 28

what does T4 thyroid hormone in respect to T3?

Answer 28

precursor for T3

Question 29

what do T3 and T4 thyroid hormones do?

Answer 29

- increase metabolic rate of cells - determines basal metabolic rate - essential for normal metal and childhood growth - permissive effect on action of adrenaline by up regulating adrenoreceptors

Question 30

what are the 2 main disorders of the thyroid hormone?

Answer 30

under or over secretion

Question 31

what is undersecretion of the thyroid hormone called in adults and children?

Answer 31

hypothyroidism = adult cretinism, myoxydema = child

Question 32

what are the 2 terms to describe over secretion?

Answer 32

hyperthyroidism graves disease

Question 33

what is simple goitre?

Answer 33

thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency - low levels of thyroxine results in increases secretion of TSH

Question 34

how do you fix myxodema?

Answer 34

treat with thyroxine

Question 35

how many parathyroid glands is there and where do they lie?

Answer 35

4-5 - deep surface of thyroid gland

Question 36

how much pancreatic tissue is made of islets of langerhans?

Answer 36

1-2%

Question 37

what 3 hormones do islets of langerhans produce?

Answer 37

insulin glucagon somatostatin

Question 38

what is insulin released in response to and what does it do?

Answer 38

response to raised blood glucose level acts to lower blood glucose

Question 39

insulin facilitates glucose entry into what..?

Answer 39

muscle cells, adipocytes (glucose uptake by liver is mot insulin dependent)

Question 40

insulin promotes to formation of what?

Answer 40

glycogen triglycerides facilitates protein synthesis

Question 41

how do we promote insulin secretion?

Answer 41

high blood glucose high blood amino acids glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide vagus nerve activity

Question 42

how do we inhibit the secretion of insulin?

Answer 42

adrenaline sympathetic nerves somatostatin

Question 43

why is glucagon released and what does it act on?

Answer 43

response to low blood glucose concentration acts to raise blood glucose

Question 44

what actions does glucagon do?

Answer 44

- glycogenolysis in liver - gluconeogenesis in liver - lipolysis and ketone synthesis

Question 45

how do we promote the secretion of glucagon?

Answer 45

low blood glucose high blood amino acids cholecystokinin autonomic nerve activity

Question 46

how do we inhibit secretion of glucagon?

Answer 46

insulin somatostatin

Question 47

what metabolic changes take place in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 47

gluconeogenesis lipolysis

Question 48

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 48

elevated blood glucose concentration due to decreases glucose uptake by cells

Question 49

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 49

polyuria (increased urine production) polydipsia (increased fluid intake, thirsty) glycosuria (glucose in urine) diabetic neuropathy skin and oral diseases (periodontitis, xerostomia)

Question 50

what type of diabetes is insulin dependent from onset?

Answer 50

type 1

Question 51

what type of diabetes is insulin independent from onset?

Answer 51

type 2

Question 52

describe the insulin secretion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 52

type 1 = decreased type 2 = normal

Question 53

how does the target cell respond to insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 53

type 1 = normal type 2 = decreased

Question 54

which type of diabetes is considered late onset?

Answer 54

type 2

Question 55

which type of diabetes is related to being overweight?

Answer 55

type 2

Question 56

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 56

diet oral hypoglycaemic agents

Question 57

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 57

insulin injections and control diet

Question 58

where do the adrenal gland lie?

Answer 58

on top of the kidneys

Question 59

what are 3 cortex hormones?

Answer 59

aldosterone cortisol androgens

Question 60

where is cortisol produced in adrenal cortex?

Answer 60

zona fasciculata

Question 61

what are the actions of cortisol?

Answer 61

metabolic effects permissive effects antiinflammatory, imunosuppressant

Question 62

where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 62

zona glomerulosa

Question 63

what is the release of aldosterone controlled by?

Answer 63

reninangiotensin system

Question 64

what are the actions of aldosterone?

Answer 64

- promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in kidney - increases excretion of H+ and K+

Question 65

where do gonadocorticoids come from?

Answer 65

zona fasciculata and reticulates of adrenal cortex

Question 66

what do androgens contribute to?

Answer 66

growth and pubertal growth spurt

Question 67

what can excess glucocorticoids lead to?

Answer 67

bushings syndrome

Question 68

what can excess androgens lead to?

Answer 68

adrenal-genital syndrome

Question 69

what controls the adrenal medulla?

Answer 69

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

Question 70

what do adrenal medulla cells produce? what does this do?

Answer 70

adrenaline - augments action of sympathetic nervous system

Question 71

what happens as a result go adrenal insufficiency? what is this?

Answer 71

Addisons disease - decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids