Summary Alimentary

Question 1

what compromises the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres are present in it?

Answer 1

Vegus nerve fibres
glossopharyngeal fibres
motor/sensory nerve fibres

Question 1

what vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus?

Answer 1

internal and external corroted artery

Question 2

name the pharyngeal constrictors.

Answer 2

superior, middle, inferior

Question 3

how to the pharyngeal constrictors differ in arrangement compared to the rest of the GIT?

Answer 3

they have inner longitudinal and outer circular arrangements of muscle

Question 4

what role do pharyngeal constrictors perform?
what happens if the nerve supply to this became damaged?
how would you test for this?

Answer 4

constriction of pharynx
food can’t pass down sufficiently
ask patient to say ‘ahhh’ if uvula goes to 1 side the nerve supply is damaged

Question 5

describe the muscle layers in the muscular externa as you move from superior to inferior?

Answer 5

muscle is strained in the upper third sad transitions to smooth muscle in its lower third.

Question 6

what are the anatomical regions of the stomach?

Answer 6

cardia, funds, pylorus, body (antrum)

Question 7

what attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 7

greater omentum (yellow fatty tissue)

Question 8

what is contained within the greater omentum?

Answer 8

adipose tissue
lymphatics
blood vessels
nerves

Question 9

what is the role of the greater omentum?

Answer 9

encases infection

Question 10

what structures are closely related to the oesophagus?

Answer 10

• lines in neck thorax and abdomen
• posterior to trachea and heart
• pierces diaphragm

Question 11

how do muscle types vary throughout the length of the oesophagus?

Answer 11

upper - skeletal
middle - mixed
lower - smooth

Question 12

what form the lower oesphageal spincter?

Answer 12

diaphragm

Question 13

what is the function of the temporalis?

Answer 13

elevation and retraction of mandible

Question 14

what is the nerve supply of the temporalis?

Answer 14

trigeminal nerve (mandibular division)

Question 15

what is the function and nerve supply of the buccinator?

Answer 15

maintains food in middle of oral cavity
- facial nerve (buccal branch)

Question 16

what common pathology mat result in the buccinator not functioning and what are the functional consequences for patient?

Answer 16

stroke
- which leads to drooling
= can’t maintain food in the middle of the oral cavity

Question 17

what are the origins and intersections of the masster muscle?

Answer 17

originates from zygotic arch (maxillary process of zygomatic bone).

inserts onto angle and lateral surfaces of the ramus of the mandible.

Question 18

what is the function of the masster?

Answer 18

elevation and protrusion of the mandible

Question 19

what is the nerve supply to the masster?

Answer 19

mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Question 20

how would you clinically test the integrity of the masster muscle?

Answer 20

get patient to clench teeth
- feel the bulk and power of the muscle

Question 21

how do the secretions produced by the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?

Answer 21

pass through buccinator to open opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth

Question 22

what nerve passes through the buccinator muscle?

Answer 22

facial nerve

Question 23

what type of secretions do the paranoid glands produce?

Answer 23

serous
(watery)

Question 24

what are the 3 major salivary glands and what secretions do they produce?

Answer 24

parotid gland = serous submandibular = mixed seromucinous sublingual = mucous

Question 25

what are the components of the pharynx?

Answer 25

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 26

what are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Answer 26

base of skull and soft palate

Question 27

what types of lymphoid tissue are closely related to the opening of the auditory tube?

Answer 27

pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

Question 28

what does the auditory tube communicate with and why is this such a problematic site in children?

Answer 28

middle ear its short and straight in children so allows easier access for infection

Question 29

what are the folds called on the inner lining of the stomach?

Answer 29

rugae

Question 30

what are the different cell types in cardia, body and pylorus of stomach?

Answer 30

c - mucous b -parietal cells p -mucous

Question 31

what is the material called that is churned in the stomach?

Answer 31

chyme

Question 32

what helps with the churning of chyme in the stomach?

Answer 32

muscularis propria and externa

Question 33

what are the divisions of the gut and which one does the stomach come under?

Answer 33

foregut = stomach midgut hindgut

Question 34

what type of cells exist in the gastric lining? what are they produce?

Answer 34

parietal cells = produce hydrochloric acid chief cells = found in lower regions and produce pepsin mucous/surface mucous cells = produce mucosa

Question 35

what rule can be applied (site, incidence, size, %) for population affected with meckel's diverticulum?

Answer 35

RULE OF 2 - within 2 feet from ileocaecal valve - it affects 2% of population - if symptomatic it presents before the age of 2 - approximately 2 inches long.

Question 36

what cell types are present in meckel's diverticulum?

Answer 36

gastric, pancreatic or colonic mucosa - mixture of these

Question 37

what is periodontitis?

Answer 37

ill mucosa is eroded which leads to inflammation of peritoneum - ruptures gastric tissue

Question 38

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 38

concentrate and store bile.

Question 39

what is the duct called that comes from he gallbladder?

Answer 39

cystic duct

Question 40

what is bile?

Answer 40

Contains water, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids and bicarbonate responsible for fat digestion

Question 41

what is gallstones?

Answer 41

crystalline bodies made of cholesterol or bilirubin and calcium salts

Question 42

what are they 2 main functional regions of the pancreas gland?

Answer 42

exocrine (hormonal) endocrine (digestive)

Question 43

what functional group forms the bulk of the pancreas?

Answer 43

exocrine (99%)

Question 44

what is the most common pathology to affect the pancreas?

Answer 44

diabetes millitus

Question 45

what is the blood supply for the pancreas? where do these vessels arise from?

Answer 45

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries - from gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries respectively

Question 46

where does the blood in the hepatic portal vein arise from?

Answer 46

GI organs, non-paired abdominal organs ie. small and large intestine

Question 47

what vessels unite to prom the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 47

superior mesenteric vein splenic vein

Question 48

where do anastomoses (joining vessels) occur?

Answer 48

oesophagus & stomach - can become enlarged in portal hypertension

Question 49

what is portal hypertension? why is it so dangerous?

Answer 49

increase in pressure in the liver - results in raised pressure in oesophageal and gastric vessels - may rupture resulting in haematemesis

Question 50

what division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply?

Answer 50

foregut

Question 51

what division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 51

midgut

Question 52

where do the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery originate from?

Answer 52

abdominal aorta

Question 53

what are the 4 lobes of the liver called?

Answer 53

left right caudate quadrate

Question 54

what is the function of the liver?

Answer 54

produce bile synthesise proteins inactivate hormones and drugs coagulation

Question 55

where does bile produced in the liver open into in the intestinal tract?

Answer 55

via the major duodenal papilla through the sphincter of oddi into the 2nd part of duodenum

Question 56

what is the arterial supply of the liver?

Answer 56

hepatic artery

Question 57

where does the arterial supply of the liver (hepatic artery) arise from?

Answer 57

coeliac trunk

Question 58

what other structures are closely related to the coeliac trunk?

Answer 58

hepatic portal vein bile duct

Question 59

what is the region called where all structures enter the liver?

Answer 59

porta hepatitis

Question 60

what is the round ligament of the liver?

Answer 60

remnants of the umbilical vein which lies in the free edge of the falciform ligament

Question 61

what is the purpose of the umbilical vein in foetal life?

Answer 61

bypasses the liver to allow nutrients to reach foetus directly rather than being processed in the liver

Question 62

name some other anatomical structures closely related to the liver?

Answer 62

Diaphragm, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine (transverse colon/hepatic flexure), right kidney, right and left costal margins, inferior vena cava, duodenum, oesophagus

Question 63

what cell types are present in the Islets of Langerhan's?

Answer 63

alpha beta and delta cells

Question 64

what do alpha, beta and delta cells secrete in the Islets of Langerhan's?

Answer 64

a - glucagon b - insulin d - somatostatin

Question 65

what pathology can be associated with defects of the beta cells in the pancreas?

Answer 65

diabetes melitus