ES. Stress

Question 1

what does the force of stress do to the body?

Answer 1

causes deformation or strain

Question 2

what are physical stressors?

Answer 2

injury, surgery, infection, shock, pain, cold, excercise

Question 3

what are ‘stressors’ that are threats?

Answer 3

imprisonment
torture
exams

Question 4

what body systems are involved in the complex interactions during stress?

Answer 4

nervous
endocrine
immune

Question 5

what does the effect of stress depend on?

Answer 5

• duration and severity or stressor
• effectiveness of any responses

Question 6

what is the first stage of stress?

Answer 6

alarm reaction

Question 7

describe alarm reaction as the first stage of stress?

Answer 7

flight fight fright response

Question 8

what is the second stage of stress?

Answer 8

resistance phase

Question 9

describe the resistance phase as the second stage of stress?

Answer 9

adapting to stressor

Question 10

what is the final stage of stress?

Answer 10

exhaustion phase

Question 11

describe the exhaustion phase as the final stage of stress?

Answer 11

servere, persistant stress
responses futile, systems fail
pathological effects

Question 12

what is the alarm reaction?

Answer 12

physiological response to a physical threat

Question 13

what are the components of an alarm reaction in stress?

Answer 13

neural - sympathetic NS
hormonal - adrenal glands = adrenaline (adrenal medulla), corticosteroids (adrenal cortex)

Question 14

in an alarm reaction what happens to heart rate and ventricular contractility?

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

how does cardiac output redistribute in alarm reaction to stress?

Answer 15

increased flow to muscle
decreased flow to gut and kidney

Question 16

in an alarm reaction what are the metabolic effects?

Answer 16

glycogen breakdown and glucose releases
mobilisation of fat storage

Question 17

what is a permissive effect?

Answer 17

adrenaline working better with the effect of cortisol

Question 18

what is the metabolic action of cortisol due to stress?

Answer 18

increased energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats
increased protein breakdown

Question 19

what does glucocorticoids inhibit?

Answer 19

release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
macrophages and helper T lymphocytes

Question 20

why do patients take corticosteroids?

Answer 20

anti inflammatory eg arthritis

Question 21

what effect for corticosteroids have on the body?

Answer 21

suppress CRJ and ACTH release and the natural stress response is decreased

Question 22

what is stress analgesia?

Answer 22

pain diminished during physical stress

Question 23

what is stress analgesia due to?

Answer 23

release of endogenous opioid peptides, endorphins, enkephalins in CNS
they suppress nociception and pain

Question 24

what can cause stress to a patient at the dentist?

Answer 24

noise of instruments
local anaesthesia
masks and gowns
pain
smells
severity of the procedure

Question 25

how do stress responses vary in children and adults?

Answer 25

greater in children

Question 26

what effect does stress have on HR and BP in men vs women?

Answer 26

HR = woman have higher response BP = no difference

Question 27

what effect can stress have on systolic and diastolic BP?

Answer 27

systolic = + 5 to 20 mmHg diastolic = + 4 to 8 mmHg

Question 28

what effect can stress have on heart rate?

Answer 28

+ 20

Question 29

when are effects of stress greater?

Answer 29

when standing when in complex procedures with anxious patients when supervising student

Question 30

what happens to the individual if the stressors continue to be present?

Answer 30

cope = adaption phase they dont = exhaustion phase

Question 31

what happens if an individual fails to adapt to the stressor?

Answer 31

adrenal failure immunosuppression peptic ulcers CVS disease death

Question 32

in terms of behaviour and stress, what is a type A person?

Answer 32

hand driving, competitive individuals are more prone to high blood pressure and CHD

Question 33

in terms of behaviour and stress, what is a type B person?

Answer 33

individuals who tend to be more relaxed and less impatient