Essays 11-20

Question 1

acute inflammation cytologic characteristics

Answer 1

> 70% neutrophils (85 –> purulent)
mononuclear cells - macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes

Question 2

septic inflammation cytologic characteristics

Answer 2

neutrophil degeneration —karyolysis
+/- bacteria or fungi

Question 3

non septic inflammation cytologic characteristics

Answer 3

well preserved neutrophils
cause - tumour, necrosis, pancreatitis, gall bladder rupture

Question 4

eosinophilic inflammation cytologic characteristics

Answer 4

> 50% eosinophils
+ neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes

Question 5

causes of eosinophilic inflammation

Answer 5

immune/ allergy
parasites
fungi
neoplasia

Question 6

major adjuvant therapies

Answer 6

alkalanization of tumour cells
HBO treatment

Question 7

alkalanization of tumour cells

Answer 7

decreases drug penetration and apoptoptic potential

Question 8

hbo treatement

Answer 8

increase pressure to promote new blood vessesl
increasing drug transportation to tumour
increasing tumour sensitivity to treatment

Question 9

overcoming drug kinetics

Answer 9

local chemo
pegylation
chemotherapy implants
electrochemotherapy
hyperthermic chemotherapy
photodynamic therpay

Question 10

electrochemotherapy principle

Answer 10

electric impulses to tumour tissues
stimulate opening of pores/ transporters
enhance drug penetration

Question 11

process of electrochemotherapy

Answer 11

anaesthesia
inject drug
generate electric impulse

Question 12

exampls of use of electrochemotherapy

Answer 12

feline scc
perianal gland adenoma

Question 13

advantages of electrochemotherapy

Answer 13

high remission rate
complete > partial response
increased immune response
low toxicity
good cost benefit

Question 14

hyperthermic therapy

Answer 14

increase of temp around tumour
to increase drug penetration

Question 15

photodynamic therapy principle

Answer 15

injection of sensitiser
either free radical (damage tumour) or fluorescence (diagnosis)

Question 16

photodynamic therapy sensitisers

Answer 16

heme products - 5ALA
protoporphyrin IX
photofrin II

Question 17

usages of photodynamic therpay

Answer 17

feline SCC

Question 18

rules of sampling

Answer 18

from border of mass
appropriate fixation
submission doc

Question 19

mistakes in sampling

Answer 19

damaged edges
cauterization
inappropriate depth

Question 20

influencing factors of sampling

Answer 20

location/ size of tumour
goal of sampling - whole removal (cytology) or part of it (histopath)
result of cytology - margins

Question 21

sampling methods

Answer 21

core needle endoscope
punch biopsy
incision
excision

Question 22

staining methods in histology

Answer 22

HE - hematoxylin eosin
H = cationic - binds to nucleic acid
E - anionic - binds to cytoplasmic proteins

Question 23

immunochemistry
principle

Answer 23

specific antibodies linked to chromogens binding to antigens on surface of tumour cells

Question 24

immunochemistry
limitations

Answer 24

not always enough for diagnosis
antigen can be expressed by other cell types
antigen can by expressed by normal cells in certain tissue

Question 25

immunochemistry goals

Answer 25

help diagnosis lymphoma classification metastasis identification targeted therapy

Question 26

immunochemistry staining

Answer 26

cytokeratin - mammary gland hepatic paraffin CD3/ CD20 CD 79A

Question 27

epithelial tumours

Answer 27

tight junctions/ cohesive adhesion clusters

Question 28

mesenchymal tumours

Answer 28

interconnected finger like projections

Question 29

round cell tumour

Answer 29

unconnected spheroid shape with aggregates asymmetrical masses

Question 30

canine mammary gland tumours benign

Answer 30

adenoma

Question 31

canine mammary gland tumours malignant

Answer 31

carcinoma (epithelial) osteocarcinoma (mesenchymal)

Question 32

canine mammary gland tumours diagnosis

Answer 32

CBC, thoracic xrays FNA regional LN FNA

Question 33

canine mammary gland tumours stage 1

Answer 33

<3cm no LN involved no metastasis

Question 34

canine mammary gland tumours stage 2

Answer 34

3-5cm no LN involved no metastasis

Question 35

canine mammary gland tumours stage 3

Answer 35

>3cm no LN involved no metastasis

Question 36

canine mammary gland tumours stage 4

Answer 36

any size LN involved no metastasis

Question 37

canine mammary gland tumours stage 5

Answer 37

any size LN involved metastasis

Question 38

canine mammary gland tumours histopath grading

Answer 38

I, II, III based on - tubule formation, nuclear morphology, mitotic count

Question 39

canine mammary gland tumours prognosis

Answer 39

depends on tumour size and LN involvement

Question 40

canine mammary gland tumours risk factors

Answer 40

age - older = increased malignancy hormonal exposure - progesterone breeds - small and purebred obeisity

Question 41

canine mammary gland tumours tumour biology

Answer 41

ovarian hormones - induce proliferation multiple tumours can appear histiologic progression

Question 42

feline mammary gland tumours benign

Answer 42

adenoma

Question 43

feline mammary gland tumours malignant

Answer 43

carinoma

Question 44

feline mammary gland tumours epidemiology

Answer 44

cats < dogs males also affected

Question 45

feline mammary gland tumours risk factors

Answer 45

age - 10-12yrs hormonal exposure breed - siamese

Question 46

feline mammary gland tumours stage 1

Answer 46

<2cm no LN involved no metastasis

Question 47

feline mammary gland tumours stage 2

Answer 47

2-3cm no LN involved no metastasis

Question 48

feline mammary gland tumours stage 3

Answer 48

>3cm LN involved no metastasis

Question 49

feline mammary gland tumours stage 4

Answer 49

any size LN involved metastasis

Question 50

feline mammary gland tumours prognosis

Answer 50

stage 1 - good. metastases within 3yrs stage 2/3 - metastases within 6months LN involved - metastases within 9months

Question 51

feline mammary gland tumours treatment

Answer 51

surgery doxrubicin, cyclophosphamide