Essays 31-40

Question 1

adoptive t cell therapy

Answer 1

enhacement of tumour specific t cells
by activating t cells in culture then transferring them back

Question 2

what do you need to do with adoptive t cells therapy

Answer 2

to overcome immunosuppression around tumour
need to activate CD4+ t cells that will activate innate immune cells
block t reg

Question 3

car t cells

Answer 3

chimeric antigen receptor t cells
transfection of antibody gene specific for tumour

Question 4

exampls of CAR - T cells

Answer 4

targeting HER2 for osteosarcoma
targeting CD20 for B cell lymphoma

Question 5

botanical medicine for tumours

Answer 5

tumeric
asian mushrooms
yunnan baiyao
bloodrot
boswellia serrata

Question 6

effects of boswellia serrata

Answer 6

antiinflammatory
inhibit t helper 1
promote t helper 2
stabilise mast cells

Question 7

side effects of bowellia serrata

Answer 7

nausea
discomfort
epigastric pain
diarrhoea

Question 8

effects of yunnan baiyao

Answer 8

hemostatic

Question 9

effects of tumeric

Answer 9

suppress tumour cell proliferation
induce phase II detox enzymes
decrease transcription factors, cox 2, nos, TNF, chemokines
reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxicity

Question 10

effects of asian mushrooms

Answer 10

antitumour
immunomodulatory
antioxidant
hepatoprotectant

Question 11

mechanism of CBD oil

Answer 11

interacts with endocannabinoids receptors in CNS and PNS

Question 12

use of CBD oil

Answer 12

treat neuropathic pain
control seizures
anti nausea
appetite stimulant
anti anxiety
anti inflammatory
anti cancer
not pyschoactive

Question 13

side effects of cbd oil

Answer 13

dry mouth
decrease blood pressure
drowsiness

Question 14

how acupuncture works

Answer 14

inserting thin, sterile needle into acupuncture points
neurovascular or myofascial zones

Question 15

what do the neurovascular zones promote once activated

Answer 15

analgesia
recovery of normal circulation
immune function
physiologic restoration
homeostasis

Question 16

mechanism of acupuncture

Answer 16

agitation of connective region - sensory somatic and autonomic nerve activation

induces changes in neuronal firing pattern

Question 17

main areas of acupuncture

Answer 17

leukopenia
gi upset
mood swings
pain
fatigue
depression

Question 18

multicentric lymphoma location

Answer 18

affects multiple LN, spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 19

clinical signs of multicentric lymphoma

Answer 19

symptomless in 80%

Question 20

substage A wihtout clincial signs in multicentric lymphoma

Answer 20

generalised, painless lymphadenopathy
hepatosplenomegaly

Question 21

substage B with clincial signs in multicentric lymphoma

Answer 21

inappetance, weight loss, lethargy
fever
signs of local obstruction; dysphagia, dyspnoea
PU/PD
anaemia
neutropenic sepsis
thrombocytopenia
hemorrhage

Question 22

differential diagnosis of multicentric lymphoma

Answer 22

systemic infectious disease - bacteria, virus
immune mediated disease - lupus
other haemopoietic tumours - hitiocytosis
ln metastases of other tumours

Question 23

what is ALL

Answer 23

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 24

what is CLL

Answer 24

chronic lymphoblastic leukema

Question 25

proliferation of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 25

ALL - immature lymphocytes CLL - mature lymphocytres

Question 26

proliferation rate of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 26

ALL - quick CLL - low

Question 27

occurrence of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 27

ALL - middle ages/ older dogs CLL - older dogs

Question 28

symtpoms of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 28

ALL - lethargy, weight loss, intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly CLL - fever, PU/PD, mild lymphadenopathy, mild hepatosplenomegaly

Question 29

diagnosis of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 29

ALL - lymphoblast cytology, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia CLL - matures small lymphocytes cytology, normocytic normoa chromatic non regenerative anaemia, lymphocytosis, neutropenia

Question 30

treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 30

ALL - aggressive chemo. AB, fresh whole blood CLL - start if WBC > 6x10. lymphadenopathy. vincristine. prednisolone

Question 31

what does staging give information on

Answer 31

extent of the disease response to therapy remission time survival

Question 32

steps of staging

Answer 32

clinical examination blood check up ln liver and spleen thoracic x ray abdo US bone marrow aspiration immunophenotyping

Question 33

clinical signs of heart tumours

Answer 33

altered function altered blood flow pericardial effusion arrhythmia sudden death

Question 34

signs of right sided heart failure - haemagiosarcoma

Answer 34

ascites pleural effucion distended v. jugular exercise intolerance dyspnoea pulse deficit muffled heart sounds

Question 35

diagnosis of heart tumours

Answer 35

physical exam xray echo ecg cardiac tropoinin increase

Question 36

clinical signs of oral tumours

Answer 36

increased salivation dysphagia epistaxis mass pain on opening mouth halitosis weight loss loose teeth exophthalmos facial swelling

Question 37

diagnostic challenges of oral tumours

Answer 37

may require sedation for FNA of LN biopsy not through skin xray - complicated views ct is most valuable

Question 38

SCC more common in

Answer 38

cats > dogs flea collars and canned foods increase chances

Question 39

characteristics of SCC in cats

Answer 39

anywhere in mouth caulitlower like highly locally invasive severe bone invasion not enough time for metastasis

Question 40

treatment of SCC in cats

Answer 40

surgery photodynamic therapy radiation

Question 41

oral scc in dogs characteristics

Answer 41

rare base of tongue and tonsils

Question 42

treatment of scc in dogs

Answer 42

surgery piroxicam + carboplatin