Essays 21- 30

Question 1

alimentary lymphoma of cats

Answer 1

50% of lymphoma cases in cats

Question 2

classification of alimentary lymphoma of cats according to size of neoplastic cells

Answer 2

low grade - well differentiate - 19-29months survival
intermediate grade - 7-10months survival
large granular lymphocytic - 17 days survival

Question 3

diagnosis of alimentary lymphoma of cats

Answer 3

symptoms
hematology
biochem
imaing
fna
histopath

Question 4

symptoms of alimentary lymphoma of cats

Answer 4

anorexia
vomting
tenesmus

Question 5

treatment of alimentary lymphoma of cats

Answer 5

low grade (LGAL) - chlorambucil & prednisolone
intermediate (IGAL) - doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone, appetite stimulants

Question 6

diagnostic possibilites of feline lymphoid tumours

Answer 6

hematology/ smear
urinalysis
FeLV/ FIV
FNA
imagine

Question 7

when to do full staging of feline lymphoid tumours

Answer 7

information obtained yield prognosis information
confirm solitary forms
research

Question 8

feline lymphoid tumours
low grade treatment

Answer 8

metronomic therapy

Question 9

feline lymphoid tumours
high grade therapy

Answer 9

cyclophosphamide & vincristine & prednisolone

Question 10

feline nasal lymphoma
occurence

Answer 10

elderly FeLV cats

Question 11

feline nasal lymphoma
symtpoms

Answer 11

stridor
sneezing
epistaxis
exophtalmus
deformed skull
decreased appetite

Question 12

feline nasal lymphoma
diagnosis

Answer 12

imagine
cytology

Question 13

feline nasal lymphoma
treatment

Answer 13

radiotherapy
chemotherapy

Question 14

feline nasal lymphoma
prognosis

Answer 14

worse in cribiform plate is involved

Question 15

feline renal lymphoma
diagnosis

Answer 15

bilateral, enlarged kidneys
irregular contours
symptoms of kidney insufficiency
FeLV/ FIV negative

Question 16

feline renal lymphoma
therapy

Answer 16

low grade - metronomic
high grade - COP
treat kidney insufficiency (prednisolone)

Question 17

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
etiology

Answer 17

malgnant tumour of blood vessels
dog > cat
elderly male dogs
spleen, right atrium, dermal, pericardial, pulmonary, renal, oral, osseal

Question 18

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
clincially

Answer 18

sunclinical hemorrhage
abdominal distension, effusions
hemorrhagic shock
sudden collapse
death

Question 19

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
diagnosis

Answer 19

microangiopathic hemolysis - anaemoa, acanthocytes, achistocytes
coagulopathies
abdominal US
histopath
immunohistochem
intraoperative

Question 20

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 1

Answer 20

no tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact spleen

Question 21

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 2

Answer 21

tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact rupture

Question 22

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 3

Answer 22

<5CM infiltrating tumour
LN involed distantly
metatsases

Question 23

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
therapy

Answer 23

surgery
doxorubicin alone
VAC protocol
AC protocol
metronomic
immunotherapy

Question 24

VAC protocol

Answer 24

doxorubicin –> cyclophosphamide –> vincristine –> repeat

Question 25

AC protocol

Answer 25

doxorubicin --> cyclophosphamide --> repeat

Question 26

Splenic haemagiosarcomas prognosis

Answer 26

low survival rate with total splenectomy

Question 27

guidelines for chemotherapy 5 steps

Answer 27

1. start with accurate diagnosis 2. provide adequate information to the owner 3. treat,emt 4. apply safety protocols 5. dont use chemo as a last chance

Question 28

how to get an accurate diagnosis

Answer 28

precise physical test blood tests imagine sample

Question 29

why use a combo of drugs

Answer 29

agents are selective for specific cell cycle phases

Question 30

3 agents from the antitumour antibiotic group

Answer 30

antracyclines - doxorubicin - epirubicin mitoxantrone

Question 31

mechanism of antracyclines

Answer 31

dna intercalation - inhibit dna, rna synthesis

Question 32

uses of antracyclines

Answer 32

lymphome mesenchymal and epithelial tumours

Question 33

toxicity of antracyclines

Answer 33

myelosuppression cardiotoxic nephrotoxic gi toxicity hypersensitivity epi < doxo

Question 34

mitoxantrone mechanism

Answer 34

dna intercalation topoisomerase II inhibition disrupts dna synthesis and repair

Question 35

mitoxantrone use

Answer 35

lymphoma mesenchymla and ep tumours dogs with heart disease transitional cell carcinoma

Question 36

mitoxantrone toxicity

Answer 36

gi rare cardiotoxicity

Question 37

toxic side effects of chemotherapy

Answer 37

myelosupression vomiting diarrhoea pancreatitis organ damage - nephro, cardio, hepato toxicity alopecia - increase portal of entry infertility - for breeding animals teratogenicity - for pregnant animals infection, sepsis

Question 38

myelosuppression

Answer 38

leucopenia -- secondary infection from GI, resp, wound etc anaemia

Question 39

vomitting and diarrhoes

Answer 39

loss of fluids, electrolytes

Question 40

pancreatits

Answer 40

decrease general health status and inflammatory cell mobilisation

Question 41

nephrotoxicity

Answer 41

ciplastine -- dehydration, toxic metabolites accumulation, hypertension

Question 42

cardiotoxic

Answer 42

doxorubicin

Question 43

hepatotoxicity

Answer 43

decrease the detoxification of drugs therefor increase toxicity

Question 44

checkpoint proteins

Answer 44

produced by normal t cells/ cancer cells when bind to a partner protein - send off signals prevent t cells from killing cencer cells

Question 45

role of checkpoint inhibitors

Answer 45

immuno therapy

Question 46

examples of checkpoint inhibitors

Answer 46

PD1 inhibitors - pembrolizumab PD - L1 inhibitor - atezolimab CTLA 4 inhibitor - ipilimumab

Question 47

checkpoint inhibitors uses

Answer 47

melanoma head and neck cancer bladder cancer hodgkin lymphoma not for vets

Question 48

checkpoint inhibitors side effect

Answer 48

diarrhoea pneumonia rash hormonal level problems kidney infections

Question 49

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 49

artificial antibodies target a certain antigen

Question 50

role of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 50

target a specific antigen on a cancer tell hekp the immune system to respond better

Question 51

examples of monoclonal antibodies unde in dogs

Answer 51

rituximab - CD21 marker of b cells - b cell lymphoma T cell lymphoma - t cell lymphoma trastuzumab - HER-2 - mammary carcinoma in hu DER 2 antibody - mammary carcinoma in dogs

Question 52

side effects of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 52

fever weakness headache nausea vomiting diarrhoea low BP rash