Essential Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What is normal u/o?

Answer 1

1/2ml / kg / hr

Question 2

What is anuria?

Answer 2

No urine output

Question 3

What is oliguria?

Answer 3

Urine output less than 400mls / day

Question 4

What is polyuria?

Answer 4

Urine output greater than 2500mls / day

Question 5

What does the renal system comprise of?

Answer 5

2 kidneys
2 ereters
1 bladder
1 urethra

Question 6

Where is the renal system located?

Answer 6

Retroperitonerally in the superior lumbar region
(Behind all other organs)

Question 7

How much does each kidney weigh?

Answer 7

Roughly 150 grams

Question 8

Which kidney sits lower and why?

Answer 8

The right kidney sits lower because of the liver being right above

Question 9

How many ribs wrap around the kidneys?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

Where does the top and bottom of the right kidney reach?

Answer 10

Top at T12
Bottom at L3

Question 11

Where does the top and bottom of the left kidney reach?

Answer 11

Top at T11
Bottom at L2

Question 12

What is the measurement of kidneys?

Answer 12

12 m tall X 6cm wide X 3cm thick

Question 13

What are the 6 functions of kidneys?

Answer 13

Volume
Concentration
pH
Metabolic
Excretory
Endocrine

Question 14

What is dysuria?

Answer 14

Pain while urinating

Question 15

What is nocturia?

Answer 15

Excessive urination at night

Question 16

What is hematuria?

Answer 16

Blood in urine

Question 17

What is considered frequent urinating?

Answer 17

Voiding more than every 3 hours

Question 18

What is enuresis?

Answer 18

Involuntary voiding during sleep

Question 19

What is proteinuria?

Answer 19

Abnormal amounts of protein in the urine

Question 20

What is another medical word for urinating?

Answer 20

Micturition

Question 21

Where do the adrenal glands sit?

Answer 21

Atop each kidney

Question 22

What gives kidneys their glistening appearance?

Answer 22

A transparent fibrous capsule that encloses the kidneys

Question 23

What is the perirenal fat capsule?

Answer 23

A fatty mass that acts as a cushion for the kidneys

Question 24

What is the renal fascia?

Answer 24

The outermost capsule that anchors the kidney and helps hold it in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

Question 25

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 25

The outer region which is lighter in colour

Question 26

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 26

Dark reddish brown area deep to the cortex

Question 27

What are renal pyramids?

Answer 27

Triangular regions within the medulla They are stripped with the tip pointing towards the medically and long end laterally

Question 28

What are calyces?

Answer 28

Cup shaped areas that enclose the tip of the pyramids that collect urine and drain into renal pelvis

Question 29

What 3 things are in the renal hilum?

Answer 29

Renal artery Renal vein Renal nerve

Question 30

What is a nephron?

Answer 30

Tiny structures responsible for filtering blood and forming urine

Question 31

What is a glomerulus?

Answer 31

One of the main structures of a nephron which is a knot of capillaries

Question 32

What is the function of glomerulus?

Answer 32

The primary filtration structure responsible for separating blood components into cellular/macromolecular condensate. It allows small molecules, waste products and water to pass through into the nephron’s tubule while larger molecules like proteins and blood cells remain in the blood stream

Question 33

What is the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 33

The beginning of the nephron that completely surrounds the glomerulus and where filtration first happens

Question 34

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 34

The tube that extends from the bowman’s capsule that reabsorbs water and nutrients back to the blood stream

Question 35

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 35

The tube following the nephron loop that can reabsorbs water if needed or keep it to be taken to the collecting duct for urination

Question 36

What is the loop of Henley or nephron loop?

Answer 36

A hairpin loop in between the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule responsible for water and salt reabsorption back into the blood stream

Question 37

How does reabsorption occur in the loop of Henley?

Answer 37

Water by osmosis on the thin / proximal side Na+ and Cl- by active transport on the thick / distal side

Question 38

What is the range of pH for urine?

Answer 38

4.5 - 8

Question 39

What is the range of blood for urine?

Answer 39

Nil

Question 40

What is the range of protein for urine?

Answer 40

Nil

Question 41

What is the range of glucose for urine?

Answer 41

Nil

Question 42

What is the range of leukocytes for urine?

Answer 42

Nil

Question 43

What molecule facilitates active transport?

Answer 43

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 44

How does blood come into the nephron?

Answer 44

Through the afferent arteriole by systolic blood pressure

Question 45

How many mils / min of filtrate is filtered through the bowman’s capsule?

Answer 45

500 mls / min

Question 46

How many mils / min of filtrate actually gets excreted?

Answer 46

1 - 2 mls / min