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H - 1H > Essentials > Flashcards

Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the Serfs? What could happen to them?

A

Labour workers owned by masters| Bought or sold

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2
Q

What were Mirs?

A

Village communes where peasants lived and worked

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3
Q

What is autocracy?

A

Total power by one person

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4
Q

What is a Tsar?

A

Emperor of Russia

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5
Q

What was the Orthodox Church?

A

Official state religion of Tsarist Russia

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6
Q

What was conscription?

A

Forced service, usually for 25 years

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7
Q

What was Serfdom?

A

Where peasants are property of their masters

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8
Q

What is Emancipation?

A

Freedom

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9
Q

What was the Bureaucracy?

A

Civil servants who undertake administrative tasks

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10
Q

Who were the Westernisers?

A

Russian intellectuals who believed Russia should follow Western lines

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11
Q

Who were the Slavophiles?

A

Russian intellectuals who believe Russia should seek a basis under tradition

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12
Q

Who were the Intellectuals?

A

Educated elite often critical of the Tsarist regime

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13
Q

What/When was the Crimean War?

A

Where Russia were up against Britain, France and Turkey| 1853-56

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14
Q

What does radical mean?

A

Fundamental change

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15
Q

What is the Zemstva? When were they set up?

A

Elected local government assemblies| 1864

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16
Q

What is a Liberal?

A

Someone who wanted more personal and economic freedom

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17
Q

What was St Petersburg?

A

Capital of Russia (later Petrograd and Leningrad)

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18
Q

What was the Ohkrana?

A

Third Section replacement

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19
Q

What was reaction?

A

Backwards behaviour returning to former ways

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20
Q

Who were the Land Captains?

A

Nobles with extensive local powers

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21
Q

What is a pogrom?

A

Attack on Jews

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22
Q

What is Russification?

A

Imposing Russian culture and language on ethnic minorities

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23
Q

What is anti-semitism?

A

Hatred towards Jews

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24
Q

Who were the ethnic minorities?

A

Primarily Poles, Finns, Ukrainians and Jews

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25
Q

What are Import Tariffs?

A

Money paid when goods are brought into Russia

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26
Q

Who were Kadets?

A

Constitutional Democratic Party members

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27
Q

What was universal suffrage?

A

Vote for all people

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28
Q

Who were Octobrists?

A

Moderate Conservative party

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29
Q

Who were the Bolshevik Party? Who led them?

A

A faction broken away from the Social Democratic Working PartyLenin

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30
Q

What were “civil rights”?

A

Personal rights

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31
Q

What was the Socialist Revolutionary Party? What did it support?

A

Populist party founded in 1901| Land redistribution

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32
Q

What was the Social Democratic Workers’ Party? What 2 factions did this party later split into?

A

Marxist party founded in 1898| Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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33
Q

What does “proletarian” mean?

A

Exploited working-class member

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34
Q

What were Mensheviks?

A

Marxists

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35
Q

What was the Central Committee?

A

Body elected by party congress

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36
Q

What was Kronstadt?

A

St Petersburg’s main seaport

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37
Q

What is meant by “dual power”?

A

Power-sharing between the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet

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38
Q

What is a constituent assembly?

A

A governing body who draw up a new constitution

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39
Q

Who were the Red Guards?

A

Bolshevik armed forces

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40
Q

What is a mandate?

A

Authority to carry out a policy

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41
Q

What was the Cheka?

A

Bolshevik secret police

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42
Q

Who are Commissars?

A

Socialist ministers

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43
Q

What was Sovnarkom?

A

Soviet Council of People’s Commissars

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44
Q

What is the Politburo?

A

The highest policy-making body in the Soviet Union

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45
Q

What is meant by a “purge”?

A

“A cleaning out of impurities”

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46
Q

What was Stakhanovite?

A

A movement named after a miner with record-breaking amounts of coal in 1935

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47
Q

What was the Komsomol?

A

Young Communist organisation

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48
Q

What was the NKVD?

A

Secret police force that succeeded the Cheka

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49
Q

What was the Kolkhoz?

A

Main collective farm of Russia

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50
Q

What was the Nomenklatura?

A

Privileged elite who ran the party machine

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51
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

Tension between the US and Soviet Union post-WW2

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52
Q

What was Samizdat?

A

Secret publication of banned literature

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53
Q

What was Burzhui?

A

Abusive term against anti-Communists

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54
Q

What was a constitutional monarchy?

A

Where the ruler’s power is limited by an elected assembly

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55
Q

What was Marxism?

A

A political ideology that believes all history is driven by economic forces which create class struggles

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56
Q

What was a Narodnik?

A

Russian name for a populist

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57
Q

What were show trials?

A

Propagandist trials held for political purposes

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58
Q

What was a socialist?

A

Someone who believes factory and land should belong to the people

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59
Q

What was a Soviet?

A

An elected council that controlled factories or local areas

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60
Q

What were trade unions?

A

Organisations that represent workers in negotiations

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61
Q

What was the Winter Palace? Where is it located?

A

Home of the Tsar| St Petersburg

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62
Q

Who was Alexander II? What was he known as?

A

Tsar from 1855-1881| Tsar Liberator

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63
Q

Who were Nicholas and Dmitri Milyutin?

A

Brothers who were close advisers of Alexander II

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64
Q

Who was Alexander III?

A

Tsar from 1881 to 1894

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65
Q

Who was Konstantin Pobedonostev?

A

Tutor and adviser to Alexander III

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66
Q

Who was Leon Trotsky? What did he mastermind?

A

An orator| Takeover of Petrograd in 1917

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67
Q

Who was Julius Martov?

A

Social Democratic Workers’ Party leader

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68
Q

Who was Mikhail Von Reutern? How long was he in his role for?

A

Minister of Finance| 1862-78

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69
Q

Who was Ivan Vyshnegradsky? How long was he in his role for?

A

Finance Minister| 1887-92

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70
Q

Who was Sergei Witte? What was he credited for?

A

Finance Minister from 1892-1903| Rapid expansion of the Russian economy

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71
Q

Who was Nicholas II? What did he want to uphold?

A

Tsar from 1894-1917| Autocracy

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72
Q

Who was Vladimir Lenin? What city was named after him?

A

Bolsheviks leader from 1903| Petrograd - Leningrad

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73
Q

Who was Prince Lvov? Who did he lead after 1917?

A

Wealthy landowner| Provisional Government

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74
Q

Who was Gregory Rasputin? When was he assassinated?

A

A mystic peasant with influence| 1916

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75
Q

Who was Alexandra (1916)?

A

German wife of Nicholas II

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76
Q

Who was Alexander Kerensky? What did he eventually lead in July 1917?

A

Socialist Revolutionary| Provisional Government

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77
Q

Who was General Lavr Kornilov? Who did he try to “coup” against?

A

Army general| Provisional Government

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78
Q

Who was Joseph Stalin? What did he exercise until his death?

A

General Secretary of the Communist Party| Dictatorial control

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79
Q

Who was Sergei Kirov? When was he executed?

A

Party Secretary of Leningrad| 1934

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80
Q

Who was Lev Kamenev? When was he executed?

A

Member of the Politburo| 1936

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81
Q

Who was Gregory Zinoviev? When was he executed?

A

Close ally of Lenin and the October Revolution| 1936

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82
Q

Who was Georgy Malenkov?

A

Prime Minister post-Stalin to 1955

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83
Q

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

A

Communist Party First Secretary from 1953-64

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84
Q

Who was Lavrenty Beria? When was he executed?

A

Head of NKVD from 1938| 1953

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85
Q

Who was Vyacheslav Molotov?

A

Part of collective Soviet leadership after Stalin’s death

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86
Q

Who was Leonid Brezhnev?

A

Close ally of Khrushchev who eventually brought him down

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87
Q

Who was Father Gapon?

A

Orthodox priest who negotiated workers’ unions

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88
Q

Who was Peter Lavrov?

A

Populist who led a group of students to the countryside to spread socialist ideas

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89
Q

What happened in 1874?

A

Populist campaigns for “Go To The People”

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90
Q

What happened in 1861?

A

Serf Emancipation

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91
Q

What happened in 1855?

A

Alexander II becomes Tsar

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92
Q

What happened in 1881?

A

Alexander II bombed

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93
Q

Who became Minister of Finance in 1892? How long were they in this position for?

A

Sergei Witte| Until 1903

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94
Q

What took place across Russia between 1891-92?

A

Famine

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95
Q

What was founded in 1898?

A

Social Democratic Working Party (SDs)

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96
Q

What type of unrest existed in Russia from 1901-05?

A

Industrial unrest

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97
Q

What Party split into two groups in 1903? What 2 groups did they become?

A

Social Democratic Workers’ Party| Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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98
Q

What War took place in 1904?

A

Russo-Japanese War

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99
Q

What massacre happened in January 1905?

A

Bloody Sunday

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100
Q

What Soviet is formed under the October Manifesto of 1905?

A

St Petersburg Soviet

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101
Q

Who carries out agrarian reform from 1906-11?

A

Stolypin

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102
Q

What massacre/strike took place in 1912?

A

Lena goldfields strike

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103
Q

What date does Germany declare War on Russia on in 1914?

A

1st August

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104
Q

What does the Tsar assume command of in September 1916? What does he suspend?

A

The armed forces| Duma

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105
Q

What happens due to unrest in February 1917?

A

Strikes in Petrograd

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106
Q

What Soviet is formed on the 27th February 1917?

A

Petrograd Soviet

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107
Q

What Government is formed in March 1917?

A

Provisional Government

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108
Q

Which Tsar abdicated in March 1917?

A

Nicholas II

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109
Q

What demonstrations take place in July 1917? What are 2 key examples of this?

A

Anti-government demonstrations| July Days and Kornilov Affair

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110
Q

Who seizes key Petrograd landmarks between 24th-25th October 1917?

A

Bolsheviks

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111
Q

What government members are arrested between the 25th-27th October 1917? What type of government is announced?

A

Provisional Government| Bolshevik government

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112
Q

What was established in December 1917?

A

Cheka

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113
Q

What Assembly was forcibly dissolved in January 1918?

A

Constituent Assembly

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114
Q

What War started in 1918?

A

Civil War

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115
Q

What Policy was introduced in 1921?

A

NEP - New Economic Policy

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116
Q

Which key figure died in 1924?

A

Lenin

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117
Q

What Plan was activated in 1928?

A

First Five-Year Plan

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118
Q

What mass process started in 1929? What was called for with the Kulaks?

A

Mass collectivisation| Liquidation

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119
Q

What took place between 1932-33?

A

Famine

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120
Q

What famous trial took place in 1936? What 2 key figures were killed?

A

“Show trial”| Zinoviev and Kamenev

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121
Q

What act of Stalin’s was at its height during 1937-38?

A

Great Terror

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122
Q

Who invades Russia in 1941? What city is seized?

A

Nazis| Leningrad

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123
Q

What Battle takes place in 1942?

A

Battle of Stalingrad

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124
Q

What War ends in 1945?

A

Second World War

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125
Q

What Affair takes place in 1949?

A

Leningrad Affair

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126
Q

What Plot took place in 1952?

A

Doctors’ Plot

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127
Q

Who dies in 1953?

A

Stalin

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128
Q

What scheme begins under Khrushchev in 1954?

A

“Virgin Lands” scheme

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129
Q

What speech takes place in 1956? What process begins following this?

A

Khrushchev’s “secret speech”| De-Stalinisation

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130
Q

Who is awarded the Nobel Prize for their work Dr Zhivago in 1958?

A

Pasternak

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131
Q

What work did Solzhenitsyn published in 1962?

A

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

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132
Q

Who is removed from power in 1964?

A

Khrushchev

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133
Q

What was Mid-19th Century Russia like?

A

Large but economically underdeveloped

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134
Q

What was the ratio of villagers to town dwellers?

A

11:1

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135
Q

How much of the population were illiterate peasants?

A

85%

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136
Q

What 2 places did Serfs belong to?

A

Village communes/Mirs

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137
Q

In what 2 ways were Serfs owned?

A

Private/State

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138
Q

In what 2 ways did Serfs pay their master?| What 3 things could their masters do to them?

A

Rent and labour| Bought/Sold/Beaten

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139
Q

What was Russia ruled as in 1855? How was it run?

A

An empire| An Autocratic Tsar

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140
Q

What was the Tsar head of?

A

Russian Orthodox Church

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141
Q

What was the Tsar believed to have possessed?

A

Semi-divine powers

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142
Q

What were edicts? What could the Tsar choose?

A

Law| His own advisers

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143
Q

When did Alexander II become Tsar? What was Russia involved in?

A

March 1855| Crimean War

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144
Q

Which 3 countries had Russia been fighting in the Crimean War since 1853?

A

Britain/France/Turkey

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145
Q

What 2 battles did Russia lose in 1854?

A

Battles of Balaclava/Inkerman

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146
Q

What did Russia lose in August 1855? What was it?

A

Sevastopol| Major naval base

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147
Q

What 2 things did Russia’s 1856 final defeat highlight?

A

Reliance on Serf armies/Conscripts| Economic backwardness

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148
Q

How much of Russia’s expenditure was spent on the army? What 3 things did the army suffer from?

A

45%| Incompetent officers/Humiliation/Increase in Serf uprisings

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149
Q

What 3 things had Alexander II done prior to Serf emancipation?

A

Travelled the empire/Served on father’s Council of State/Led a Serfdom committee

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150
Q

What 2 benefits did Alexander II believe Serf Emancipation would have?

A

To curb tensions/Stimulate the economy

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151
Q

Which 2 groups also believed in the idea of Serf emancipation? Who were 2 key figures of the latter?

A

Family/Bureaucrats| Nicholas and Dmitri Milyutin

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152
Q

What were the 4 types of motives behind Alexander II’s reforms?

A

Political/Economic/Moral/Intellectual

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153
Q

What type of motive was nobility debt? Why did nobility debt occur?

A

Political| Nobles shunned business and relied on serfs

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154
Q

What type of motive was declining incomes? What 2 things caused this? What 2 things were masters forced to do?

A

PoliticalGrowing Serf population/Inadequate agricultureMortgage/Sell Serfs as security for loans

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155
Q

What type of motive was Serfdom? What 2 things prevented reform?

A

Economic| Inability to move to town factories/Internal demands for goods low

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156
Q

What type of motive was experimentation? What 2 things prevented reform? What did the latter lead to?

A

Economic| Mirs prevented experimentation/Rural poverty led to a state debt of 54 million roubles

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157
Q

What type of motive were the Westernisers? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual| Russia should abandon Serfdom

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158
Q

What type of motive were the Slavophiles? What 2 things did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual| Serfdom should be reformed/Russia should stay as a traditional peasant society

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159
Q

What type of motive were the Intellectuals? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual| People were treated like animals

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160
Q

What type of motive were the Nihilists? What did they believe?

A

Moral/Intellectual| Sweep all tradition

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161
Q

What did Historian John Gooding about Russia in the Mid-19th century?

A

“It was more backwards now than at the beginning of the century”

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162
Q

What war ended in March 1856?

A

Crimean War

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163
Q

What did Alexander II do to examine emancipation?

A

Set up committees

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164
Q

What did Alexander II tour Russia delivering between 1858-59?

A

Pro-emancipation speeches

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165
Q

Who failed to agree on emancipation measures? What took place between them and Alexander II?

A

Provincial nobles| Debate

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166
Q

What did Alexander II establish? Who led it?

A

A committee of 38| Nicholas Milyutin

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167
Q

What was the emancipation of the serfs proclaimed in?

A

Alexander’s Edict of 1861

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168
Q

Who did emancipation only apply to? When did they receive their freedom?

A

Privately-owned serfs| 1866

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169
Q

What did emancipation permit? What did supporters find about it?

A

Modernisation| Not as “liberating” as expected

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170
Q

What did Landlords receive from emancipation? What 2 things could they use it for?

A

Government bonds, compensation| Redeem debt/invest in enterprises

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171
Q

What could some Landlords only do with their compensation? What were they forced to do?

A

Pay off debts| Sell land

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172
Q

What were Serfs declared? What 4 things could they do?

A

Free| Marry/Own property/Travel and have rights

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173
Q

What 2 things were Serfs given from emancipation? What varied?

A

Cottage/allotment of land| Quality of the latter

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174
Q

What could enterprising peasants buy? What could they sell?

A

Land| Surplus grain

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175
Q

What could Serfs do if they sold land?

A

Move to an industrialised city

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176
Q

What often remained theoretical about Serfs? Why?

A

Rights| Other terms of the Edict

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177
Q

What were Serfs required to pay? How many were needed?

A

Redemption payments annually| 49

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178
Q

What did redemption payments provoke?

A

Unrest

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179
Q

What was the issue with land prices? Where did this leave Serfs?

A

Fixed above market value| Debt

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180
Q

What 2 things did some peasants have to do to survive?

A

Work for their old masters/Rent land

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181
Q

What was the Mir responsible for? How long did Serfs remain here?

A

Tax and redemption collection| Until redemption pay was finished

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182
Q

What did the Mirs supervise? What did Mirs promote?

A

Farming of allocated land| Backward farming practices

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183
Q

What did Mirs do to peasants? Where couldn’t they leave?

A

Constrain them| Countryside

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184
Q

What were Landowners allowed to retain? How did some Serfs struggle? What did Serfs lose from Landowners?

A

Personal landsCouldn’t make a living without additional landProtection

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185
Q

What was opened by the Mirs for everyone?

A

Communal open fields

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186
Q

What was the Obruk? How long did it remain for?

A

Labour service| Two years of “temp obligation”

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187
Q

How did peasants feel about the Obruk? What happened over 4 months?

A

Resentful| 647 riots

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188
Q

What does Historian John Gooding say about the Emancipation Edict from a European perspective?

A

“To many Europeans, it might not have seemed like freedom at all”

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189
Q

What were 2 reasons for further reform?

A

Disappointment/Other issues

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190
Q

What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?

A

Military| All classes

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191
Q

What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?

A

Military| 25 to 15 years

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192
Q

What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?

A

Military| Corporal

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193
Q

What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?

A

Military colleges| Modern weaponry

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194
Q

How could the new army be described after military reform?

A

Smaller but better-trained

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195
Q

What was reduced after military reform?

A

Costs

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196
Q

What was improved through army education campaigns?

A

Literacy

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197
Q

What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?

A

Aristocrats| Upper

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198
Q

What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?

A

Local government| Zemstva

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199
Q

What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?

A

Local government| People, primarily Nobles

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200
Q

What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?

A

Public services and industry| The poor

201
Q

What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?

A

Representative governmentNobles and “professionals”Welfare and education

202
Q

How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?

A

Zemstva forum| Taxation and law

203
Q

What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?

A

Judicial

204
Q

What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?

A

Judiciary| Barristers and a jury

205
Q

What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?

A

Judiciary| Equally

206
Q

What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?

A

It improved| Judiciary

207
Q

What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?

A

Fairer and less corruptGovernment controlVera Zasulich

208
Q

What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?

A

Ecclesiastical and military courts| Poland

209
Q

What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?

A

Improvements in literacy and numeracy| Liberal Alexander Golovnin

210
Q

Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?

A

Zemstva| All

211
Q

What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?

A

Vocational schools| University

212
Q

When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?

A

1863| Liberal

213
Q

What tripled between 1856-1880? How was there an increase in students?

A

Primary schools| Doubled

214
Q

What was there a greater selection of at schools? What happened to the number of students at university?

A

Subjects| Tripled

215
Q

What was the primary curriculum still based on? What did it offer?

A

Religion| Reading, writing and arithmetic

216
Q

How was secondary education limited? Who was it limited to?

A

It had fees| The better-off

217
Q

What did more radical students join? What were these committed to?

A

Opposition movements| Violence

218
Q

What year did the Military reforms take place? What other reforms also took place that year?

A

1874| Judiciary

219
Q

What 2 separate years did Local Government reforms take place?

A

1864| 1870

220
Q

Between what period did Educational reforms take place?

A

1863-64

221
Q

What feelings did reforms create in the 1860s?

A

Excitement and opposition

222
Q

What did censorship relaxation encourage?

A

More radical books

223
Q

What did educational changes lead to the growth of?

A

Radical student organisations

224
Q

What did legal reforms promote? Who did they attract?

A 
Legal careersMiddle class critical of government
225
Q

When was the opposition group Young Russia formed? Who were they hostile to?

A

1862| Tsar and Church

226
Q

When was the opposition group The Organisation formed? Who was it set up by and what did they carry out?

A

1863| Moscow Uni alumni, revolutionary activities

227
Q

What sort of period set in between 1866-67? Why?

A

Reaction| Attempted Tsar assassinations

228
Q

Who did Alexander II appoint? Who are 2 examples?

A

Reactionary ministers| Dmitry Tolstoy and Peter Shuvalov

229
Q

What did the reactionary ministers argue about Russia?

A

Westernising changes were weakening Russia

230
Q

What 2 type of reforms still continued? What happened to the others?

A

Economic and legal| Halted or reversed

231
Q

Who was the authority of primary schools returned to? Whose activities were restricted?

A

Church| Zemstva

232
Q

What were secondary schools ordered to remove from their curriculum?

A

Sciences

233
Q

Where could vocational students only attend as of 1871?

A

Higher technical institutions

234
Q

What subjects were banned in universities? Why?

A

Literature and history| Encouraged critical thought

235
Q

What organisations were banned?

A

Student organisations

236
Q

What could the government do over university appointments?

A

Veto

237
Q

What was reasserted with the new education policies? What became restricted?

A

Religious control| The curriculum

238
Q

What education was declined? How did people escape restrictions?

A

Female education| Studying abroad

239
Q

What force’s work was increased?

A

Third Section

240
Q

What trial could political offenders face? Until what year?

A

Show trials| 1878

241
Q

Where could political crimes be tried from 1878?

A

Secret military courts

242
Q

What were given to governor-generals? From what year?

A

Emergency powers for military courts and exile| 1879

243
Q

Which groups of people thrived underground?

A

Critics and opponents

244
Q

Why were show trials abandoned? Who is an example?

A

Sympathetic juries| Vera Zasulich

245
Q

What war took place between 1877-78? What situation took place between 1879-80?

A

Russo-Turkish War| Famine

246
Q

What recession started in the late 1870s? What event from the 1860s repeated itself relating to the Tsar?

A

Industrial| Assassination attempts

247
Q

What commission did Alexander II establish? Under who?

A

Count Loris-Melikov

248
Q

What position was Loris-Melikov appointed to in 1880? What was he to investigate?

A

Minister of the Interior| Revolutionary activities

249
Q

Who was released because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Political prisoners

250
Q

What was relaxed because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Censorship

251
Q

Whose restrictions were lifted because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Zemstva

252
Q

What was tax removed from because of Loris-Melikov?

A

Salt

253
Q

What was abolished because of Loris-Melikov? Who replaced them?

A

Third Section| Okhrana

254
Q

Whose ideas influenced young people? What view was promoted?

A

Radical thinkers| Socialism

255
Q

Who was Chernyshevsky? What book did he write in 1863?

A

Editor of The Contemporary| What is to be done?

256
Q

What view did Chernyshevsky have about revolution?

A

Peasants had to lead it for it to be successful

257
Q

Who was Herzen? What structure did this advocate?

A

Editor of The Bell| Peasant based revolution

258
Q

Who was Bakunin? What type of ownership did he promote?

A

Anarchist/socialist| Collective ownership

259
Q

Whose book did Bakunin translate? What did he believe in?

A 
Marx's Communist ManifestoA struggle of working and middle class would lead to a perfect society
260
Q

What year did Lavrov encourage a populist movement? What was the name of the movement?

A

1874| Go to the people

261
Q

How many Narodniks joined “Go to the people”? What would they do?

A

2000| Act as peasants and spread socialist ideas

262
Q

What were 3 reasons for peasants rejecting Narodniks?

A

Fears they were secret policeIgnoranceChurch loyalty

263
Q

What year did the second Narodnik movement take place? Why did it fail?

A

1876| People were arrested

264
Q

What did the remaining Narodniks establish in 1877? What was it?

A

Land and Liberty| Commitment to assassinations

265
Q

What 2 objectives did Land and Liberty have?

A 
Assassinate Mezemstev (Third Section)Attempt to kill Alexander II
266
Q

What 2 organisations did Land and Liberty split into in 1879?

A

Black Partition| People’s Will

267
Q

Who was The Black Partition organised by? What was its aim?

A

Plekhanov| “Partition the black soil”

268
Q

Who did The Black Partition work peacefully among? What did it spread to students and workers?

A

Peasants| Radical materials

269
Q

What was the Black Partition weakened by? What did Plekhanov later become?

A

Arrests in 1880-81| A Marxist

270
Q

Who led The People’s Will? What was it larger than?

A

Mikhailov| Black Partition

271
Q

What did The People’s Will advocate? What was their biggest success?

A

Violence| Assassination of Alexander II

272
Q

What 2 reasons did opposition spread?

A

Government failures| Demands for “reforms from below”

273
Q

Who succeeded Alexander II? When was he crowned?

A

Alexander III| May 1881

274
Q

Who was Alexander III advised by? Who was he?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev| Procurator of the Holy Synod

275
Q

What did Pobedonostev encourage the Tsar to reassert?

A

Autocracy

276
Q

What did Alexander III publicly announce?

A

“I am the sole ruler, as only absolute power can safeguard Russia”

277
Q

What group had 150 people arrested and hanged? Why?

A

People’s Will| Assassinated Alexander II

278
Q

What happened to the powers of the police? What department was made to supervise the Okhrana?

A

They increased| Department of Police

279
Q

Who were the Department of Police made responsible to? Why?

A

Ministry of Internal Affairs| So activities could be monitored

280
Q

Who were also widely used? Who watched these people?

A

Spies| Secret spies

281
Q

What land rule was put in place in 1882? What could police agents do?

A

Any area could be deemed “subversion”| Arrest, imprison and exile on suspicion

282
Q

What judicial courts were reintroduced in 1885?

A

Closed courts

283
Q

What did Alexander III introduce in 1889? Who were they appointed by?

A

Land Captains| Nobility

284
Q

Who did Land Captains replace? Who could they override?

A

Magistrates| Zemstva

285
Q

What 2 things could Land Captains overturn?

A

Local court judgements and flogging of peasants

286
Q

What vote was reduced in 1890?

A

Zemstva peasant vote

287
Q

Who were removed from office?

A

Outspoken Liberals

288
Q

Whose creed did Alexander III adopt? What did this mean?

A

Pobedonostev’s “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality”| Russification

289
Q

What is Russification?

A

Enforcement of Russian language and culture on ethnic minorities

290
Q

What was declared as the first language? What did this mean for the judicial system?

A

Russian| Trials and local government had to be conducted in Russian

291
Q

What was closed to non-fluent Russian speakers?

A

Public office

292
Q

What Church was adherence encouraged for? How many Lutherans converted?

A

Orthodox| 37,000

293
Q

What Catholic buildings were closed down? What were non-Orthodox churches not allowed to do?

A

Monasteries| Build new places of worship

294
Q

Who suppressed Russification resistance?

A

The military

295
Q

What 4 nationalities suffered the most?

A

Poles, Finns, Baltic Germans and Ukrainians

296
Q

What was the intention of Russification? What did it intensify? What did it cause?

A

To “unite” the countryNational feelings for non-RussiansOpposition groups

297
Q

Which religion suffered most from Russification? How many were living in Russia?

A

Jews| 5 million

298
Q

What was ingrained in Russian society? What broke out between 1881-84?

A

Anti-semitism| Jewish pogroms

299
Q

What did authorities not do a lot of? What happened to many Jews? What happened to some Jewish property?

A

Curb anti-semitic violenceRaped or murderedDestroyed

300
Q

What was passed during Alexander III’s reign to restrict Jews? Where were Jews forced to live?

A

Laws| Ghettos

301
Q

What happened to many Jews? Who were 2 key figures who joined revolutionary groups?

A

Emigrated or expelled| Leon Trotsky and Julius Martov

302
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Alexander III’s intentions towards Russification?

A

“Alexander III wanted to unify the country by turning an empire into a nation”

303
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Russification’s central aim?

A

“It had always been a central aim to assimilate non-Russian peoples”

304
Q

What does Historian John Gooding say about Jews?

A

“Jews were seen as a particular problem”

305
Q

What class did Russia not possess?

A

Middle class

306
Q

What did Von Reutern believe Russia needed? What did he introduce?

A

Economic change| Reforms

307
Q

What type of farming was abolished? What did this mean?

A

Tax-farming| Companies could no longer collect taxes

308
Q

What organisation was reformed under Von Reutern? What systems were established?

A

The Treasury| Auditing and budgeting

309
Q

What facilities were made available from Banks?

A

Credit facilities

310
Q

What was offered to private railway companies?

A

Subsides

311
Q

What was guaranteed by the government for foreign investors?

A

Annual dividends

312
Q

What was lowered on trade? What was negotiated?

A

Tariffs| Trade treaties

313
Q

What 2 industries expanded because of Von Reutern? What field was there an improvement in?

A

Cotton/Mining| Agriculture

314
Q

In what 2 fields did mobility remained limited? What was slow?

A

Transport/Labour| Growth

315
Q

What was unstable in the economy? Where did a lot of income go towards?

A

Russian Currency| Paying off debts

316
Q

Which place did Russia remain underdeveloped towards?

A

Western Europe

317
Q

What did Vyshnegradsky try to build up?

A

Industry

318
Q

What tariffs were increased? How much by?

A

Import tariffs| 30%

319
Q

Why were grain imports increased? How much were they increased by between 1881-91?

A

To make peasants sell to the state| 18%

320
Q

Where did Russia get a loan from in 1888?

A

France

321
Q

What 3 things did peasants suffer from under Vyshnegradsky?

A

High taxes High good pricesGrain requisitions

322
Q

When did a famine take place under Vyshnegradsky? How many people died?

A

1891-92| 350,000

323
Q

What did Witte want from abroad? What 3 things did he increase investment in?

A

Loans| Mining, oil and banking

324
Q

What did Witte encourage European experts to oversee? What did he want advice on?

A

Development| Planning

325
Q

What did Witte achieve with the railway network?

A

A huge expansion

326
Q

Why did emancipation bring little change to agriculture for peasants?

A

Peasants had too little land to become prosperous

327
Q

Why did the Mir fail to bring agricultural success?

A

Backwards farming practices favoured by the elders

328
Q

Who were the biggest Landowners? What did many of them do?

A

Nobles| Sell their land to pay debts

329
Q

Why did some Landowners abandon farming? What did some of them start up?

A

To learn professions| Businesses

330
Q

How did Kulaks buy land? Who did Kulaks employ?

A

Loans from the Peasants Land Bank| Lower peasants

331
Q

What did the poorer peasants become?

A

Landless labourers

332
Q

Why were most peasants unable to do military service? What was the average life expectancy in Russia for peasants?

A

Unfit| 28

333
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about the economic partitions?

A

“Partitions made little economic sense”

334
Q

When did Alexander III die? At what age?

A

September 1894| 49

335
Q

Who succeeded Alexander III? How was he related to Alex?

A

Nicholas II| Son

336
Q

What did Nicholas II admit about ruling Russia? What religious belief did he have?

A

He had no idea how| It was a God-given duty to preserve autocracy

337
Q

What 2 things did Nicholas II prove incapable of doing as Tsar?

A

Making firm decisions or giving a sense of direction

338
Q

What 2 groups did Nicholas II rely on to challenges of his authority?

A

Army and Ohkrana

339
Q

Where was there increasingly widespread unrest?

A

Towns and countryside

340
Q

Who did the Tsar dismiss in 1903? What happened as a result?

A

Sergei Witte - most competent adviser| He was surrounded by reactionary ministers

341
Q

What did peasants suffer from? What did they destroy?

A

Land hunger| Landlords’ barns

342
Q

What did industrial workers form? What did they become involved in?

A

Illegal trade unions| Strikes

343
Q

What was formed in 1904 in St Petersburg? Who formed it?

A

An official union| Father Gapon

344
Q

Why was an official trade union formed?

A

To prevent workers joining socialists

345
Q

When did the Japanese attack Russia? What Port was attacked?

A

January 1904| Port Arthur

346
Q

Who was Plehve? What did he call for after the events of Port Arthur?

A

Minister of Internal Affairs| A “short, swift victorious war”

347
Q

What was the Russo-Japanese War meant to divide attention from in Russia?

A

Political unrest at home

348
Q

Where were Russian forces defeated in March 1904? How many Russians were killed?

A

Mukden| 90,000

349
Q

How many Russian ships were sunk in May 1904? What battle was this?

A

24 of 27| Battle of Tsushima

350
Q

When did Russia surrender Port Arthur? Who did this increase opposition towards?

A

December 1904| Government

351
Q

What other name is the 1905 Revolution known as?

A

Bloody Sunday

352
Q

What happened on the 3rd January 1905? How many workers took part?

A

Strikes at Putilov| 150,000

353
Q

What happened on the 9th January 1905? What did they demand?

A

Father Gapon led 20,000 workers to the Winter Palace| Improved working conditions

354
Q

Who was assassinated on 4th February 1905?

A

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich

355
Q

What union was forced in March 1905? Who co-ordinated strikes?

A

“All Russian Union of Railway Workers”| Soviets

356
Q

What happened overseas in June 1905?

A

Mutiny on ship Potemkin

357
Q

Where were sympathetic crowds located after the Potemkin mutiny? How many were killed by police?

A

Odessa| 2,000

358
Q

What happened in August 1905? What union was formed?

A

Peasant riot| Peasant union

359
Q

What was promised on 6th August 1905?

A

State Duma

360
Q

What took place in September 1905? What did this cause in October?

A

Printers’ strike| General strike

361
Q

How did Russia seem economically by October 1905?

A

Near collapse

362
Q

Where were there strikes and demonstrations? Where were peasant uprisings?

A

Cities| Countryside

363
Q

Why did Alexander III make his decree? What 2 things did he promise?

A

Pressure from advisers| Civil liberties and State Duma

364
Q

What are examples of civil liberties?

A

Free speech, press, assembly

365
Q

Who was the State Duma elected by? What did the Duma pass?

A

Universal suffrage| Laws

366
Q

Who accepted the Manifesto? Who are 3 group examples of these?

A

Liberals| Kadets, Progressives and Octobrists

367
Q

Which 2 socialist groups rejected the Manifesto? What do they stand for?

A

SR/SD| Revolutionaries and Democrats

368
Q

What were many workers unconvinced by in the Manifesto? Who did they continue to support?

A

Tsar’s promises| Socialist groups

369
Q

What uprising continued? What was hoped for?

A

Peasant uprising| Land redistribution

370
Q

Who remained loyal to the Tsar?

A

Army

371
Q

What 2 places did the army storm in November/December 1905?

A

Moscow and St Petersburg HQ

372
Q

What happened to Soviet leaders? What was the worst punishment?

A

Arrested or exiled to Siberia| Execution

373
Q

Where was order restored by the army? What ended for peasants?

A

Countryside| Redemption payments

374
Q

When were the Fundamental Laws introduced? What were they?

A

April 1906| A constitution

375
Q

Which 2 groups refused to participate in the Fundamental Laws?

A

SRs and Bolsheviks

376
Q

What did the Tsar exercise in the Fundamental Laws?

A

Supreme autocratic power

377
Q

What did the Tsar initiate in the Fundamental Laws?

A

Legislation and approval

378
Q

Who could the Tsar appoint and dismiss as part of the Fundamental Laws? What could he summon and dissolve?

A

Ministers| Duma

379
Q

What could the Tsar do in an emergency?

A

Rule by decree

380
Q

What did the Tsar never have any intention of becoming?

A

A “constitutional monarch”

381
Q

When was the First Duma active? Who was it dominated by?

A

May-June 1906| Radicals and Kadets

382
Q

What did the First Duma demand? Why did the Duma dissolve?

A

Radical change| Vote of no confidence

383
Q

When was the Second Duma active? Who engineered elections to gain Octobrists?

A

February-June 1907| Peter Stolypin

384
Q

Who increased the number of radical deputies due to participation?

A

Bolsheviks and SRs

385
Q

What did the Second Duma oppose?

A

Most Tsarist proposals

386
Q

When was the Third Duma active? What did Stolypin introduce?

A

November 1907-June 1912| Emergency law for representation

387
Q

Who dominated the Third Duma?

A

Octobrists and Conservatives

388
Q

When was the Fourth Duma active? Who couldn’t co-operate?

A

November 1912-17| Right and left deputies

389
Q

What did the Fourth Duma vote for in 1914? Why was it suspended in 1915?

A

War credits| Demanding more power

390
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Nicholas II and his autocratic values?

A

“Nicholas was opposed to limitation upon his autocratic prerogatives”

391
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Nicholas II offering concessions?

A

“He offered concessions in the hope of defusing tension”

392
Q

What did Witte believe that was essential for a revolution? What continued between 1892 and 1914?

A

Industrialisation| The drive for growth

393
Q

Between 1892 and 1914, what rate did the Russian economy grow?

A

8% per annum

394
Q

What was raised to encourage foreign loans?

A

Interest rates

395
Q

What was introduced in 1897 to increase business confidence? What was this backed by?

A 
New rouble (currency)Gold
396
Q

How was industrial development funded? What type of industry was prioritised?

A

Foreign capital| Heavy industry

397
Q

How many KM of railway track did Russia have by 1914?

A

62,000

398
Q

What was the purpose of the Trans-Siberian railway?

A

To link Russia with the Far East

399
Q

What stimulated heavy industries? Who was given reduced transport costs and government revenue?

A

Railway development| Manufacturers

400
Q

Due to the cost of railways, what did Russia become dependent on?

A

Foreign investment

401
Q

What was Russia the 5th largest power of in the world?

A

Industrial power

402
Q

How much did Coal increase from 1880-1910?

A

3.2-25.4 million metric tons

403
Q

How much did Pig Iron increase from 1880-1910?

A

0.42-3 million metric tons

404
Q

How much did Crude Oil increase from 1880-1910?

A

0.5-12.1 million metric tons

405
Q

What remained small-scale in the 1890s?

A

Agriculture

406
Q

Who was Stolypin in 1906? What did he believe in to prevent peasant unrest?

A

Minister of the Interior| Agricultural reform

407
Q

What type of ownership did Stolypin want to increase to create farmer profit?

A

Individual peasant ownership

408
Q

Who did Stolypin want to help support the regime of agriculture?

A

Kulaks and profit-orientated farmers

409
Q

What system/type of ownership was abolished in November 1906?

A

Mir| Collective ownership

410
Q

When were redemption payments abolished? Where could peasants leave?

A

January 1907| Villages

411
Q

What could peasants apply for with permission? What would be consolidated?

A

Consolidation for single farms| Scattered strips of farm

412
Q

What was newly reformed to fund purchases?

A

Peasant Land Bank

413
Q

What was used to encourage settlements in Siberia? What happened to them?

A

Government subsides| Increased

414
Q

How much did peasant ownership increase from 1905-1915?

A

20% to 50%

415
Q

What was produced that rose annually? What was the Russia the biggest exporter of in 1909?

A

Grain production| Cereal

416
Q

Who often bought out poorer peasants to increase the efficiency in farms?

A

Kulaks

417
Q

How many peasants moved from an overpopulated Siberia? What was prominently made in the region?

A

3,500,000| Dairy and cereal

418
Q

Why did some peasants sell up? What did this boost the supply of?

A

To move to towns| Industrial labour

419
Q

By 1914, how much land had successfully been transferred from communal to private ownership?

A

10%

420
Q

In 1914, how much of peasant holdings were based on scattered strips? What were peasants reluctant to?

A

90%| New farming methods

421
Q

Who lost their land? What did many do afterwards?

A

Poorer peasants| Factory or seasonal work

422
Q

What was Siberia like in terms of climate?

A

Difficult terrain

423
Q

What did industrialisation help strengthen in Russia? What did it bring about?

A

Economy| Changes

424
Q

What new emerson proved detrimental to the Tsarist regime?

A

Middle and urban working class

425
Q

What middle class occupations became more prominent in society? Where did many of these people play a role?

A

Owners, managers, traders and professionals| Zemstva

426
Q

What was lacking in the middle class that made them opponents to Tsarism? When was this finally established?

A

Elected national assembly| 1906

427
Q

How did the urban population increase from 1867-1917? Approximately how much of the population were factory workers?

A

7 to 28 million| 10%

428
Q

What did the urban working class suffer from? What rates were high?

A

Appalling working and living conditions| Mortality rates

429
Q

Where did some of the urban working class rent rooms? Where else were they accommodated?

A

Overcrowded blocks| Barracks

430
Q

How many rented houses in St Petersburg had no running water? How was sewage collected?

A

40%| Handcarts

431
Q

What could employers do due to limited regulation? What did this fail to keep pace with?

A

Pay minimum wage| Inflation

432
Q

By 1914, how much of the workforce was compromised by women?

A

20%

433
Q

When did an industrial depression hit?

A

1900-1908

434
Q

What was officially banned before 1905? How did some strikes take place?

A

Strikes| Illegally and violently

435
Q

What 2 provisions were improved by 1914? What did every change lead to?

A

Education and social welfare| More demand for change

436
Q

What law was introduced in 1885 which restricted work?

A

Night-time work was only allowed for men

437
Q

What legal document had to be drawn up by law in 1886?

A

Contracts of employment

438
Q

What employment law was introduced in 1892?

A

Employment of under 12s and females in labour was banned

439
Q

How were working hours reduced by a law in 1897?

A

Working hours were reduced to 11.5

440
Q

What inspection was expanded by law in 1903?

A

Factory inspectorate

441
Q

What unions were made legal by 1905?

A

Trade unions

442
Q

What insurance for workers was introduced as a law in 1912?

A

Sickness and accident insurance

443
Q

How were factory hours legally reduced in 1914?

A

Reduced to 10 hours per day

444
Q

What declined in the years 1910-13? What 2 reasons led to this?

A

Real wages| Inflation/employers

445
Q

What miners in 1912 went on strike? Why?

A

Lena goldfield miners in Siberia| Long hours and poor pay

446
Q

What did the Lena strikers demand? How many were killed by the army?

A

Better pay and living conditions| 500

447
Q

How many strikes took place alongside Lena in Russia in 1912? How many in 1913?

A

2,000| 24,000

448
Q

How many strikes took place in 1914? What took place in July 1914?

A

Over a million| General strike at St Petersburg

449
Q

What does Historian Edward Acton say about unused land?

A

“Unused land was brought under cultivation”

450
Q

At what level did peasants continue to live? What event from 1891-92 caused this?

A

Substience level| Great Famine

451
Q

How much per acre was grain output in Russia compared to Britain and Germany?

A

1/3

452
Q

What were peasants driven hard to produce? What were they forced to pay?

A

Surplus for export| High taxes

453
Q

What population made living conditions worse? Who were holdings divided by?

A

Rural population| Sons and the amount of land families had

454
Q

Who could Kulaks afford to employ? What gulf widened in society?

A

Labour| Kulaks and labourers

455
Q

Whose mortality rates were high? What did they have limited access to?

A

Peasants| Doctors

456
Q

What standards varied in Russia? Where was there prosperity?

A

Living standards| Ukraine

457
Q

Where were backward farming methods still favoured? Whose support mostly came from there?

A

Central Russia| Bolsheviks

458
Q

How much of nobility land was transferred to peasants and dwellers from 1861-1914? What 2 things did most nobles retain?

A

1/3| Wealth and position in government

459
Q

Who emerged as industrialisation gained pace? What did many of them serve on?

A 
Middle classZemstva
460
Q

What did the Orthodox Church have close ties with? What did the Tsar allegedly rule by?

A

Tsarism| “Divine right”

461
Q

What did the Orthodox Church exercise sway over? What did this benefit?

A

Superstitious peasantry| Tsarist regime

462
Q

Who had close ties to the village? What were they expected to do?

A

Priests| Read out decrees

463
Q

What controls did the Church exercise? What would the courts hand down punishments for?

A

Censorship| Social/moral crimes

464
Q

Under which Tsar did the Church have increased control over primary education? What became a crime in terms of Orthodox loyalty?

A

Alexander III| You couldn’t convert to another faith

465
Q

Who did the Church have less hold of in the cities? What type of ideas had more appeal?

A 
Growing working classSocialism
466
Q

What development brought new opportunities for women? What provision was expanded?

A

Economic| Education

467
Q

What percentage of children were in primary school by 1914? Between what ages?

A

45%| 8-11

468
Q

What flourished at the end of censorship? When did censorship end?

A

Popular press| 1905

469
Q

What novels were cheaply produced for the newly literate?

A

Tolstoy and Dostoevsky

470
Q

What had Russian culture embraced by 1914?

A

More than the elite

471
Q

What 2 things did millions of people remain respectful to even after cultural changes?

A

Autocracy and Orthodox Church

472
Q

What did millions go out on the streets for in 1913?

A

300th anniversary of Romanov dynasty

473
Q

What did industrial and educational expansion produce? What did they seek?

A 
Middle classLiberal change
474
Q

Where did support for the middle class come from? Who were they joined by?

A

Professional groups| Liberal Nobility

475
Q

What were 2 Liberal priorities?

A

Civil rights and a State Duma

476
Q

Who was strongly represented in the Zemstva? What were they highly critical of?

A

Liberals/Professionals| Autocracy

477
Q

What was introduced in 1889 that caused further opposition? How was it fuelled?

A

Land Captains| Overruling Zemstva decisions

478
Q

What event exemplified Tsarist incompetence?

A

Great Famine

479
Q

What was dismissed as a “senseless dream” in 1895? Whose idea was this?

A

National Duma| Zemstvo of Tver

480
Q

What organisation was banned in 1896?

A

“All-Zemstva Organisation”

481
Q

Who helped popularise political changes? Who is an example of this?

A

Liberal intellectuals| Tolstoy

482
Q

What was legalised in 1900? Who was given permission to legalise this?

A

Trade unions| S.V. Zubatov - Head of Moscow Ohkrana

483
Q

When was Zubatov’s permission revoked? Why?

A

1903| Trade unions attempted a general strike

484
Q

When was the first liberal opposition group formed? What was it called?

A

1899| Beseda

485
Q

What did Beseda merge with in 1903? Who led them?

A

Union of Liberation| Peter Struve

486
Q

What was Struve formerly? What did he oppose?

A

Marxist| Violent revolution

487
Q

What did Struve want Tsarism to become?

A

A constitutional monarchy

488
Q

How many banquets were held over winter 1904? Why?

A

50| To spread the union’s message

489
Q

What did liberal opposition have before 1905? What 2 things were they won over by?

A

Limited political influence| October Manifesto and Duma

490
Q

Who was the liberal opposition largely represented by? What did they believe in?

A

Kadets| Constitutional Democracy

491
Q

Who did liberals try to co-operate with? What were they increasingly frustrated by?

A

Tsarist government| Intransigence of the Tsarist regime

492
Q

Who was arrested after the first Duma dissolved in 1906? What was reduced in size after the second Duma dissolved in 1907?

A

Kadet leaders| Electorate

493
Q

What did the Tsar increasingly ignore to pass laws? What was there little semblance to by 1914?

A

Dumas| Constitutional Monarchy

494
Q

What ideology seemed far off in Russia by 1894? What did the Great Famine revive?

A

Marxism| Rural socialism

495
Q

When were the SRs established? What 2 ideologies did it combine?

A

1901| Marxism and Populism

496
Q

Who edited the SRs journal? What was it called?

A

Chernov| Revolutionary Russia

497
Q

How many political assassinations did the SRs carry out from 1901-05? What key figure was assassinated in 1911?

A

2,000| Stolypin

498
Q

How many SRs were executed from 1901-11?

A

2,000

499
Q

What ideology gained more support as industrialisation increased?

A

Marxism

H - 1H (7 decks)

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