Section 2

Question 1

When did Alexander III die? At what age?

Answer 1

September 1894

49

Question 2

Who succeeded Alexander III? How was he related to Alex?

Answer 2

Nicholas II

Son

Question 3

What did Nicholas II admit about ruling Russia? What religious belief did he have?

Answer 3

He had no idea how

It was a God-given duty to preserve autocracy

Question 4

What 2 things did Nicholas II prove incapable of doing as Tsar?

Answer 4

Making firm decisions or giving a sense of direction

Question 5

What 2 groups did Nicholas II rely on to challenges of his authority?

Answer 5

Army and Ohkrana

Question 6

Where was there increasingly widespread unrest?

Answer 6

Towns and countryside

Question 7

Who did the Tsar dismiss in 1903? What happened as a result?

Answer 7

Sergei Witte - most competent adviser

He was surrounded by reactionary ministers

Question 8

What did peasants suffer from? What did they destroy?

Answer 8

Land hunger

Landlords’ barns

Question 9

What did industrial workers form? What did they become involved in?

Answer 9

Illegal trade unions

Strikes

Question 10

What was formed in 1904 in St Petersburg? Who formed it?

Answer 10

An official union

Father Gapon

Question 11

Why was an official trade union formed?

Answer 11

To prevent workers joining socialists

Question 12

When did the Japanese attack Russia? What Port was attacked?

Answer 12

January 1904

Port Arthur

Question 13

Who was Plehve? What did he call for after the events of Port Arthur?

Answer 13

Minister of Internal Affairs

A “short, swift victorious war”

Question 14

What was the Russo-Japanese War meant to divide attention from in Russia?

Answer 14

Political unrest at home

Question 15

Where were Russian forces defeated in March 1904? How many Russians were killed?

Answer 15

Mukden

90,000

Question 16

How many Russian ships were sunk in May 1904? What battle was this?

Answer 16

24 of 27

Battle of Tsushima

Question 17

When did Russia surrender Port Arthur? Who did this increase opposition towards?

Answer 17

December 1904

Government

Question 18

What other name is the 1905 Revolution known as?

Answer 18

Bloody Sunday

Question 19

What happened on the 3rd January 1905? How many workers took part?

Answer 19

Strikes at Putilov

150,000

Question 20

What happened on the 9th January 1905? What did they demand?

Answer 20

Father Gapon led 20,000 workers to the Winter Palace

Improved working conditions

Question 21

Who was assassinated on 4th February 1905?

Answer 21

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich

Question 22

What union was formed in March 1905? Who co-ordinated strikes?

Answer 22

“All Russian Union of Railway Workers”

Soviets

Question 23

What happened overseas in June 1905?

Answer 23

Mutiny on ship Potemkin

Question 24

Where were sympathetic crowds located after the Potemkin mutiny? How many were killed by police?

Answer 24

Odessa

2,000

Question 25

What happened in August 1905? What union was formed?

Answer 25

Peasant riot

Peasant union

Question 26

What was promised on 6th August 1905?

Answer 26

State Duma

Question 27

What took place in September 1905? What did this cause in October?

Answer 27

Printers’ strike

General strike

Question 28

What was nII brought up to believe any concessions or signs of weakness were indications of

Answer 28

Cowardice or failure on his part

Question 29

Who were NIIs beliefs installed by

Answer 29

Pobedonostev his tutor

Question 30

What did NII declare shortly before his coronation

Answer 30

He was resolved to maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father

Question 31

What retained its powerful influence due to NIIs commitment to orthodoxy

Answer 31

The church

Question 32

What ensured NII was no more popular with ethnic minorities than his father

Answer 32

Continued Russification and support for Black hundreds and anti Semitic ideas

Question 33

Demands for change and gov reaction: what had happened to Russian society since years of great famine of 1891-92

Answer 33

Society had become more politicised

Question 34

Demands for change and gov reaction: how did tsarist gov cope with crisis

Answer 34

They failed which left zemstva and voluntary organisations to provide the necessary relief work

Question 35

Demands for change and gov reaction: what effect did tsarist govs failure to deal with famine have

Answer 35

Greater public mistrust of the govs competence and a firmer belief in the power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs

Question 36

Demands for change and gov reaction: which groups had developed a wider support base by 1900 than ever before

Answer 36

Reformist groups

Question 37

Demands for change and gov reaction: what were outbursts in universities met by

Answer 37

Increased use of okhrana

Question 38

Demands for change and gov reaction: why was nickname years of the red cockerel coined

Answer 38

So many instances of arson in rural communities

Question 39

Demands for change and gov reaction: where was unrest in countryside at its worst and why

Answer 39

In central Russian provinces, where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional

Question 40

Demands for change and gov reaction: what did peasants do in years of the red cockerel

Answer 40

Set fire to landlords barns, destroyed grain, seized woodland and pasture, physically attacked landlords and officials

Question 41

Demands for change and gov reaction: how did stolypin deal with unrest in countryside

Answer 41

Peasants flogged, arrested and exiled and shot in their thousands

Question 42

Demands for change and gov reaction: why did it become referred to as stolypins necktie

Answer 42

Gallows in such constant use

Question 43

Demands for change and gov reaction: industrial strikes increase 1894-1904

Answer 43

17000-90000

Question 44

Demands for change and gov reaction: what did Zubatov set up in 1900 in an attempt to control proliferation of illegal unions

Answer 44

His own police sponsored trade unions with the approval of the Governor General of Moscow

Question 45

Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the idea of police sponsored trade unions

Answer 45

Provide official channels through which complaints could be heard in an attempt to prevent workers joining the radical socialists

Question 46

Demands for change and gov reaction: why did zubatovs experiment only last under 1903

Answer 46

Zubatov dismisses and exiled after one of his unions became involved in a general strike in Odessa

Question 47

Demands for change and gov reaction: what was the name of the union that was formed on the Zubatov model and who was it formed by

Answer 47

Assembly of st Petersburg factory workers by father gapon

Question 48

Demands for change and gov reaction: who was the assembly of st Petersburg factoriy workers approved by

Answer 48

Plehve (minister internal affairs) and had support of Orthodox Church

Question 49

Russo Japanese war: what did plehve encourage the tsar to respond to with a ‘short, swift, victorious war’

Answer 49

A Japanese assault on the Russian far eastern naval base at port Arthur in January 1904

Question 50

Russo Japanese war: what did plehve say the short, swift victorious war would detract from

Answer 50

The tide of unrest at home

Question 51

Russo Japanese war: how were the Russians unprepared

Answer 51

They had little idea of enemy and inadequacies of their own forces

Question 52

Russo Japanese war: what happened to initial surge of anti japanese patriotism after a series of defeats

Answer 52

Turned into one of opposition to the government

Question 53

Russo Japanese war: what happened when plehve was assassted July 1094

Answer 53

Renewed cries for a representative National Assembly

Question 54

Russo Japanese war: what did mirsky reluctantly agree to in face of cries for National Assembly

Answer 54

Reluctantly agreed to invite zemstvo representatives to come to st Petersburg for discussions

Question 55

Russo Japanese war: what did Nicholas declare when all he would concede was an expansion of rights of zemstva

Answer 55

I will never agree to the representative form of gov because I consider it harmful to the people whom god entrusted in me

Question 56

Bloody Sunday: when was Bloody Sunday

Answer 56

9 January 1905

Question 57

Bloody Sunday: when did Russian forces in port Arthur surrender to Japanese

Answer 57

20 December

Question 58

Bloody Sunday: where did a strike begin 3 January 1905 and how did it escalate

Answer 58

Putilov iron works

Soon involved 150000 workers

Question 59

Bloody Sunday: what did father gapon wish to present NII with in his peaceful March

Answer 59

A petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform

Question 60

Bloody Sunday: where was Nicholas on Bloody Sunday

Answer 60

At his summer palace Tsarskoe Selo

Question 61

Bloody Sunday: what was used to break up the demonstration

Answer 61

12000 troops

Question 62

Bloody Sunday: what did NII finally agree to after his uncle was assassinated

Answer 62

Meet workers representatives at summer palace

Question 63

Bloody Sunday: how did NII inflame sentiment even after agreeing to meet workers representatives

Answer 63

Suggested marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work

Question 64

Bloody Sunday: who did NII dismiss moderate Mirsky for

Answer 64

Bulygin- minister for internal affairs

Trepov- military governor of st Petersburg

Question 65

October manifesto: how did Russian empire seem near to total collapse by October 1905

Answer 65

Strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings throughout countryside and depends for independence from minority groups

Question 66

October manifesto: why was st Petersburg soviet set up

Answer 66

To direct a general strike

Question 67

October manifesto: when did general strike begin

Answer 67

October 1905

Question 68

October manifesto: what did Witte warm that country was on verge of

Answer 68

A revolution which would sweep away a thousand years of history

Question 69

October manifesto: what demands for reform were there internally

Answer 69

Trepov declared for some moderate reform

Tsars Uncle threatened to shoot himself unless reforms insituted

Question 70

October manifesto: when did tsar agree to sign a decree

Answer 70

17 October

Question 71

October manifesto: what did october manifesto promise

Answer 71

• to grant civic freedom
• to establish state duma
• to give state duma power to approve laws

Question 72

October manifesto: how did crowds react to manifesto

Answer 72

Greeted with celebrations

Sang French revolutionary anthem La Marseillaise and waved red flags

Question 73

October manifesto: why did radicals urge workers to fight on despite general strike being called off

Answer 73

We have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have nothing’

Question 74

October manifesto: how did radicals view accord with that of tsar

Answer 74

He had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch and few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises

Question 75

Counter revolution: what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to factories

Answer 75

Fire no blanks and spare no bullets

Question 76

Counter revolution: what did the Jews suffer in late 1905

Answer 76

Terrible pogroms

Question 77

Counter revolution: what were gangs sent to do to peasants in a bid to restore order

Answer 77

Round up and flog the peasants

Question 78

Counter revolution: what happened to st Petersburg soviet on 3 December

Answer 78

HQ surrounded and leaders arrested, tried and exiled to Siberia

Question 79

Counter revolution: what affect did exile leaders of soviet have on revolutionary movement

Answer 79

Weakened it and authorities regained control

Question 80

Counter revolution: when did street war fare in Moscow continue until

Answer 80

For a further month

Question 81

The new constitution: what did new constitution consist of

Answer 81

• lower chamber (duma)
• upper chamber (council)
• gov

Question 82

The fundamental laws: when did the tsar issue them

Answer 82

Five days before first duma met 23 April 1906

Question 83

The fundamental laws: what did they assert

Answer 83

His autocratic power

Question 84

The fundamental laws: what did tsar claim right to do under fundamental la w

Answer 84

• veto legislation
• rule by decree in emergency/when duma not in session
• appoint and dismiss gov ministers
• dissolve duma as he wished
• command Russia’s land and sea forces
• declare war, conclude peace and negotiate treaties etc

Question 85

The first duma: what was its nickname

Answer 85

Duma of national hopes

Question 86

The first duma: dates

Answer 86

May- July 1906

Question 87

The first duma: who was it boycotted by

Answer 87

Bolsheviks, SRs and extreme right wing union of Russian people

Question 88

The first duma: what was it overwhelmingly in composition

Answer 88

Radical- liberal

Question 89

The first duma: why did it bring about wittes resignation

Answer 89

It was strongly critical of tsar and his ministers

Question 90

The first duma: who was witte replaced with

Answer 90

Goremykin

Question 91

The first duma: what did their address to the throne request

Answer 91

Political amnesty, abolition of state council, transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry without compensation, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty aka reform of civil service

Question 92

The first duma: how did NII react to address to Theo e

Answer 92

Totally inadmissible

Question 93

The first duma: how did duma react to NII totally inadmissable

Answer 93

PAssed vote of no confidence in the gov and demanded the resignation of the tsars ministers

Question 94

The first duma: when was it dissolved

Answer 94

10 weeks after it passed vote of no confidence

Question 95

The first duma: who was goremykin replaced as PM by

Answer 95

Stolypin

Question 96

The second duma: nickname

Answer 96

Duma of national anger

Question 97

The second duma: date

Answer 97

Feb-June 1907

Question 98

The second duma: why was it more oppositional than predecessor

Answer 98

Number of more extreme left wing increased enormously because bolsheivks, Mensheviks and srs decided to participate

Question 99

The second duma: why did stolypin have to resort to passing legislation under emergency powers act

Answer 99

Struggled to find any support for agrarian reform

Question 100

The second duma: what did stolypin do when duma refused to ratify the legislation he passed under emergency powers act

Answer 100

Spread a story about a plot to assassinate tsar and dissolved duma

Question 101

The second duma: what happened when stolypin introduced an illegal emergency law to alter franchise

Answer 101

Weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of gentry increased

Question 102

Third duma: nickname

Answer 102

Duma of lords and lackeys

Question 103

Third duma: date

Answer 103

Nov 1907-June 1912

Question 104

Third duma: in what sense was it a more submissive duma

Answer 104

Agreed to 2200/2500 gov proposals

Question 105

Third duma: why was it a sign of how unpopular tsarist regime had become

Answer 105

Even this duma proved confrontational

Question 106

Third duma: what were there disputes over

Answer 106

Naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform

Question 107

Third duma: why did it have to be suspended twice in 1911

Answer 107

While gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions

Question 108

Third duma: what was clear by 1912 despite duma running its course

Answer 108

Duma sustem not working

Question 109

Fourth duma: date

Answer 109

Nov 1912-17

Question 110

Fourth duma: who replaced stolypin as pM

Answer 110

Kokovstov

Question 111

Fourth duma: what did kokovtsov proclaim about duma

Answer 111

Thank god we still have no parliament

Just ignored it

Question 112

Fourth duma: why did duma not prevent its influence declining

Answer 112

Too divided to fight back

Question 113

Fourth duma: howrid workers again seize initiative

Answer 113

Revival of direct action and strike activity in years before outbreak of war

Question 114

Political developments by 1914: what did stolypin establish in August 1906 to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent

Answer 114

Court martials led by senior military officers

Question 115

Political developments by 1914: when did cases have to be concluded in stolypins courts

Answer 115

2 days and the accused wasn’t allowed a defence counsel

Question 116

Political developments by 1914: how many people convicted and executed by stolypins court system 1906-09

Answer 116

3000

Question 117

Political developments by 1914: what were stolypins beliefs on agriculture

Answer 117

Radical reform of agriculture was best strategy for resisting revolutionary demands

Question 118

Political developments by 1914: wby did future look brighter for traditional governing classes

Answer 118

Agrarian situation improving and Dumas weakened to point of meaningless

Question 119

Political developments by 1914: why had revolutionary groups who had led most of opposition weakened

Answer 119

Police activity and internal quarrels

Question 120

Political developments by 1914: what offered oppurtknities for a revival of patriotism to defect public attention from troubles at home

Answer 120

Revival of pan slavism and focus for Russia’s imperial ambitions in Balkan’s

Question 121

Political developments by 1914: how did court react to resurfacing of labour troubles in 1913

Answer 121

Turned its back and seemed to believe allccould continue as it always had

Question 122

Political developments by 1914: what was the only party which NII had any sympathy for and what effect did this have

Answer 122

Union of the Russian people

Reinforced his mystical belief in the unassailable bond that existed between himself and his people

Question 123

Political developments by 1914: what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by

Answer 123

The rise of Rasputin

Question 124

Political developments by 1914: why did Rasputin damage tsars reputation

Answer 124

Alexandra grew close to him and believed he could cure her haemophilic son

Nicholas failed to take action

Question 125

Political grouping: Social Democrats

Answer 125

Founded in 1898
Split in 1903
Bolsheviks - Lenin (peasant and proletariat revolution)
Mensheviks - Martov (cooperation with bourgeoise)

Question 126

Political grouping: Social Revolutionaries

Answer 126

Founded in 1899
Chernov - redistribution of land and nationalisation. Left of party favoured terrorism.

Question 127

Political groupings: Kadets (constitutional democrats)

Answer 127

Milyukov
Favoured constitutional monarchy with parliamentary government

Question 128

Political grouping: Octoberists

Answer 128

Guchkov
Moderate Conservative Party which accepted the October Manifesto
Supported by wealthy landowners and industrialists

Question 129

how had NII been brought up

Answer 129

to take his duties as a ruler seriously

to believe any concessions/signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice and failure

Question 130

who was NII tutor

Answer 130

Pobedonostev

Question 131

what did NII declare he was resolved to shortly before his coronation

Answer 131

‘maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’

Question 132

what did nII commitment to orthodoxy ensure

Answer 132

the church maintained its powerful influence

Question 133

why was NII unpopular with ethnic minorities

Answer 133

continued russification and support for black hundreds

Question 134

why had Russian society become more criticised in the year after 1894

Answer 134

great famine 1891-92

failure of tsarist gov to deal with crisis

left zemstva and vol organisations to provide necessary relief work

Question 135

what did the failure of gov correspondence to great famine lead to

Answer 135

greater public mistrust of govs competence and firmer belief in power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs

Question 136

which groups developed a wider support base than ever by 1900

Answer 136

reformist groups

Question 137

how were outbursts of trouble in universities resolved

Answer 137

increased use of okhrana

Question 138

the years of the red cockerel

Answer 138

so many instances of arson in rural communities that nickname was coined

Question 139

where was the unrest at its worst

Answer 139

central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional

Question 140

what did peasant unrest consist of

Answer 140

they set fire to landlords barns, destroying grain/ vented anger by seizing woodland/pasture

even physically attacked landlords and officials

Question 141

who was the tsars minister

Answer 141

pyotr stolypin

Question 142

how did stolypin deal with peasant disturbances

Answer 142

with ferocity that aggravated situation further

peasants flogged, arrested and exiled, shot in thousands

Question 143

stolypins necktie

Answer 143

gallows became referred to this due to constant use

Question 144

industrial strikes 1894 vs 1904

Answer 144

1894- 17000

1904- 90000

Question 145

who was the Moscow chief of the okhrana

Answer 145

Zubatov

Question 146

how did zubatox try to control proliferation of illegal unions in 1900

Answer 146

began organising own police-sponsored trade unions

Question 147

what was the idea behind police sponsored trade unions

Answer 147

provide official channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists

Question 148

how successful was zubatovs idea

Answer 148

only lasted until 1903

Zubatov dismissed and exiled after one of his unions because involved in general strike in Odessa

Question 149

what was formed in 1904

Answer 149

another union on zubatov model

Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers by Father Gapon

Question 150

who was Gapons union approved by and how much support did it have

Answer 150

approved by minister of internal affairs Plehve and had support of church

soon had 12 branches and 8000 members

Question 151

what is Plehve accredited with encouraging the tsar to do

Answer 151

respond to a Japanese assault on the Russian naval base of port Arthur in jan 1904

Question 152

how did plehve describe this response

Answer 152

a short swift victorious war which woud detract from the tide of unrest at home

Question 153

how did the Russians underestimate the ‘short swift victorious war’

Answer 153

had little idea of their enemy/inadequacies of their own forces

Question 154

what effect did a series of defeats have on the initial surge of anti Japanese patriotism

Answer 154

turned into one of opposition to the government

Question 155

what happened when plehve was assassinated july 1904

Answer 155

crowds in warsaw turned out to streets to celebrate

Question 156

who replaced plehve

Answer 156

mirsky, in nov 1904

Question 157

how did mirsky respond to renewed cries for a representative national assembly

Answer 157

reluctantly agreed to invite zemtvo representatives to come to st pt for discussions

Question 158

what were NII reasons for not agreeing to a representative form of government

Answer 158

considered it harmful to the people whom god has entrusted to me

Question 159

what did Nicholas concede to in response to cries for duma

Answer 159

an expansion of the rights of the zemstva

Question 160

when did Russia surrender to the japanese

Answer 160

20 December 1904

Question 161

why did a strike begin at the putilov iron works 3 jan 1905

Answer 161

humiliation of defeat added to growing discontent

strike soon involved 150,000 workers

Question 162

who decided to conduct peaceful march to winter palace on 9 jan 1905

Answer 162

political and economic grievances

father gapon

Question 163

what did father gapon wish to present to nii on 9 January

Answer 163

a petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform

Question 164

where was nii on 9 jan 1905

Answer 164

at his summer palace Tsarkoe Selo

Question 165

what happe ned to the demonstrating workers jan 1905

Answer 165

12,000 troops used to break them up

Question 166

what was the effect of bloody sunday

Answer 166

sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout empire

Question 167

when did Nicholas agree to meet workers representatives

Answer 167

after 4 feb when his uncle was assassinated

Question 168

how did Nicholas inflame sentiment when he met workers

Answer 168

suggested that marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work

Question 169

who did Nicholas replace the moderate mirsky with

Answer 169

Bulygin- minister for internal affairs
Trepov- military governor of st pt

both prepared to follow hard line policy

Question 170

what was the state of the Russian empire oct 1905

Answer 170

• near to total collapse
• strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings, demands for independence from poles, finns, Latvians etc

Question 171

what was st Petersburg soviet inspired and dominate by

Answer 171

inspired by union of unions and dominated by radical revs

Question 172

why was st Petersburg soviet set up

Answer 172

to direct a general strike- began In Moscow at beginning of oct 1905

Question 173

what did witte warn

Answer 173

country was on verge of a revolution that would sweep away thousands of years of history

Question 174

what did trepov declare

Answer 174

the need for some moderate reform

Question 175

what did grand duke nikolay threaten

Answer 175

to shoot himself unless reforms were instituted

Question 176

when did the tsar agree to sign a decree promising constitutional reform

Answer 176

17 October 1905

Question 177

what 3 things did the October manifesto promise

Answer 177

• grant civic freedom
• establish state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of population
• give state duma power to approve laws

Question 178

how was the manifesto received

Answer 178

celebration on streets

crowds sang french revolutionary anthem and waved red flags

Question 179

how did radicals urge workers to fight on despite GS being called off

Answer 179

workers bulletin read: we have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have been granted nothing

Question 180

what did radical workers bulletin read in response to october manfesto

Answer 180

‘we have been granted a constitution, yet autocracy remains. we have been granted everything, and yet we have been granted nothing’

Question 181

how sincere was nII october manifesto

Answer 181

had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch

few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises

Question 182

what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to their factories

Answer 182

‘fire no blanks and spare no bullets’

Question 183

why did the jews suffer in the final months of 1905

Answer 183

the right wing associated them with ‘socialists and revolutionaries’

Question 184

how were the jews treated in the final months of 1905

Answer 184

suffered terrible pogroms

Question 185

how were the peasants treated in the final months of 1905

Answer 185

gangs sent to round up and flog peasants in a bid to restore order

Question 186

on what date were St Petersburg Soviet leaders arrested

Answer 186

3 December

Question 187

how did arrest of soviet leaders weaken revolutionary movement in the capital

Answer 187

leaders tried and exiled to siberia

Question 188

what did new constitution consist of

Answer 188

• state duma
• state council
• and council of ministers

Question 189

what did the fundemental laws reassert

Answer 189

NII autocratic power

Question 190

what did article 4 state about nii autocratic power

Answer 190

‘it is ordained by god himself that the tsars authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of genuine sense of duty’

Question 191

what did the tsar claim the right to do under the fundemental laws

Answer 191

• veto legislation
• rule by decree in an emergency/when duma not in session
• appoint and dismiss gov officials
• dissolve duma as he wished
• command russias forces
• declare war, concede peace and negotiate treaties with foreign states
• control military and household expensditure
• overturn verdicts and sentences given in court of law
• control orthodox church

Question 192

how many dumas between 1905 and 1917

Answer 192

4

Question 193

first duma dates

Answer 193

may-july 1906

Question 194

who was first duma boycotted by

Answer 194

bolsheviks, srs and extreme right wing union of russian people

Question 195

composition of first duma

Answer 195

overwhelmingly radical liberal

Question 196

what did first duma bring about

Answer 196

extremely critical of tsar and brought about Wittes resignation

Question 197

what did the first duma request in its ‘address to the throne’

Answer 197

political amnesty
abolition of state council
transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty, reform of civil service

Question 198

how did NII react to adress to throne

Answer 198

demands were totally inadmissable

Question 199

what did first duma pass in relation to gov and demand

Answer 199

passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded resignation of tsars ministers

Question 200

how many weeks after vote of no confidence was duma dissolved

Answer 200

10

Question 201

who did tsar replace goremykin as prime minister with

Answer 201

stolypin- even more hard line

Question 202

nickname for first duma

Answer 202

duma of national hopes

Question 203

second duma dates

Answer 203

Feb-June 1907

Question 204

nickname for second duma

Answer 204

duma of national anger

Question 205

why was the second duma even more oppositional than the first

Answer 205

number of extreme left wing increased

bolsheviks, mensheviks and srs participated

Question 206

what did stolypin struggle to find support for in second duma

Answer 206

agrarian reform

resorted to passing legislation under tsars emergency powers act

Question 207

what did stolypin do in response to second dumas refusal to ratify his agrarian reforms

Answer 207

spread a story about plot to assasinate tsar and dissolved duma

arrested and exiled more radical delegates

Question 208

what illegal emergency law did stolypin introduce to alter the franchise after dissolving the second duma

Answer 208

weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of the gentry increased

Question 209

nickname for third duma

Answer 209

duma of lords and lackeys

Question 210

dates for third duma

Answer 210

nov 1907-june 1912

Question 211

how many of gov proposals did third duma agree

Answer 211

2200/2500- more submissive duma

Question 212

what was the fact that the third duma was confrontational a sign of

Answer 212

tsarist regime unpopularity

Question 213

what were there disputes over within the third duma

Answer 213

naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform

Question 214

when did the third duma have to be suspended twice

Answer 214

1911

Question 215

why did third duma have to be suspended twice in 1911

Answer 215

while gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions

Question 216

dates of fourth duma

Answer 216

nov 1912-1917

Question 217

which prime minister replaced stolypin after his assassination in 1911

Answer 217

Kokostov

Question 218

how can fourth duma be described

Answer 218

relatively docile body

Question 219

what ddid kokostov say about fourth duma

Answer 219

‘thank god we still have no parliament’

Question 220

why did fourth dumas influence decline

Answer 220

kokostov ignored it and it was too divided to fight back

Question 221

how did stolypin help to restore order in the countryside

Answer 221

august 1906- established court martials to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent

Question 222

how did the court respond to the resurfacing of labour troubles from 1912

Answer 222

turned its back and believed all could continue as it always had

Question 223

why did NII sympathise with the union of the russian people

Answer 223

it reinforced is mystical belief of the unassialable bond between himself and his people

Question 224

what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by

Answer 224

Rasputin

Question 225

how did rasputin create distance between the court and the people

Answer 225

nicholas failed to take action against the queens interest in rasputin to heal aleksei, despite rasputins obviosu misdeeds- damaged reputation of people who he relied upon

Question 226

how did russia undergo a major transformation from the mid 1893-1913

Answer 226

annual growth rate if more than 8% per annum

Question 227

who was the impressive expansion initially masterminded by

Answer 227

witte

Question 228

witte

Answer 228

finance minister 1892-1903

Question 229

how did railway trackage increase under witte

Answer 229

doubled

Question 230

how did coal output increase in southern Russia under witte

Answer 230

from 183 million puds in 1890 to 671 million in 1900

Question 231

how did witte sought to state manage industrial growth

Answer 231

seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas

Question 232

when did witte introduce a new rouble

Answer 232

January 1897

Question 233

why did witte introduce a new rouble

Answer 233

• backed by value of gold

- strengthen currency and encourage foreign confidence and investment

Question 234

why did foreign investment decline in early twentieth century

Answer 234

Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand enterprises

Question 235

what did witte use capital to fund

Answer 235

public works, develop russias infrastructure

Question 236

how much of railways were state controlled by early twentieth century

Answer 236

70%

Question 237

how much of russias metallurgical production was the state buying by the turn of the century

Answer 237

2/3

Question 238

what did Gerschenkron dub the late 1890s as

Answer 238

‘the great spurt’

Question 239

what did the state buy out in terms of railways

Answer 239

smaller railway companies and extended lines

Question 240

how many km of railways did Russia have by 1905

Answer 240

59,616km- 66% state owned

Question 241

what did the railways help open up

Answer 241

Russian interior and allowed dmore extensive exploitation of Russias raw materials

Question 242

how did growth of railways reinforce export drive

Answer 242

linked grain growing areas to the black sea ports

Question 243

what was the building of the railway lines a stimulus to

Answer 243

the development of the iron and coal industries

permitted the development of new industries

Question 244

what did fall in transport cost bring down the price of

Answer 244

goods

Question 245

what did the government make money from with railways

Answer 245

freight charges and passenger fares

Question 246

when did the rate of railway building slow

Answer 246

1908-13

Question 247

what did Russia have by 19013 (railways)

Answer 247

second largest railway network in world- 62000km

Question 248

what was the most acclaimed development in railways

Answer 248

transiberian railway

Question 249

what did the building of the trans Siberian railway provide a stimulus to

Answer 249

industry and even greater psychological boost

Question 250

how much of Russian coal in 1913 was the donbas region supplying

Answer 250

87%

Question 251

how much pig iron in 1913 was the rich ironfields of the Krivoi rog supplying

Answer 251

74%

Question 252

what was Russia the fourth largest producer of by 1914

Answer 252

coal, pig iron and steel

Question 253

how did the Caspian sea port of baku grow

Answer 253

tremendously

Question 254

how did Russian oil production increase 1885-1913

Answer 254

153 million puds to almost 570 millions

took second place in world oil production

Question 255

which city overtook st Petersburg as an industrial centre

Answer 255

Moscow

Question 256

why was there a growth in light industry and textiles

Answer 256

growing internal demand

Question 257

what did the relentless drive increase demands on

Answer 257

the state budget

Question 258

what was Russia the fifth largest by 1914

Answer 258

worlds 5th largest industrial power

Question 259

what was one of the reasons the german generals urged war against Russia in 1914

Answer 259

they feared that delaying war any longer would allow Russian industrialisation to reach a point whereby Russia would outstrip the massive german economy

Question 260

for what percentage of the Russian population did the rural economy provide a livelihood for

Answer 260

80-90%

Question 261

what was agriculture largely ignored in the interests of until 1906

Answer 261

industrialisation

Question 262

why were developments in agriculture more so after 1906

Answer 262

pyotr stolypin appointed minister of internal affairs

Question 263

what had most farming remained before 1906

Answer 263

small scale and in the hands of former serfs and state peasants

Question 264

what did the subdivision of states in 1905 cause

Answer 264

the average holding to fall from 35 acres to 28

amount of land available stayed same whilst population increased

Question 265

Agriculture: what was the gov initiative from 1896

Answer 265

To sponsor emigration to new agricultural settlements in Siberia, which had been opened up by he trans Siberian railway

Question 266

Agriculture: how did the gov initiative from 1896 prove insufficient

Answer 266

To alleviate the pressure of a growing population on resources

Question 267

Agriculture: which traditional agricultural practices continued

Answer 267

Wooden plough still used and medieval rotation systems practised

Question 268

Agriculture: why was grain from American and British farms way more than Russia

Answer 268

Lack of husbandry deprived soil of manure

Question 269

Agriculture: how did some peasants manage to improve themselves since emancipation edict

Answer 269

By buying up land and farming more efficiently

Question 270

Agriculture: how did stolypin describe kulaks

Answer 270

Strong and sturdy

Question 271

Agriculture: how was stolypins plan to produce more kulaks two fold

Answer 271

Aimed to win their loyalty to tsardom and develop the economy by developing agriculture and creating an internal market for products of industry

Question 272

Stolypins reforms: how did stolypins wish for peasants to become permanent owners of their land demand a complete transformation of the communal pattern of Russian rural life

Answer 272

He intended each peasants land should be held in one piece rather than as a collection of scattered strips around village

Question 273

Stolypins reforms: when did his programme of agricultural reform begin

Answer 273

1903

Question 274

Stolypins reforms: what was the mirs responsibility to do removed in1903

Answer 274

To pay taxes on behalf of all the peasants in the village

Question 275

Stolypins reforms: when were major changes undertaken

Answer 275

Not until after violence and unrest of 1905

Question 276

Stolypins reforms: what did stolypin claim to need for reforms to take affect and what prevented this

Answer 276

20 years of peace

Coming of war prevented

Question 277

Stolypins reforms: what did the legislation encourage and why

Answer 277

Land transfers and development of larger farms as poorer peasants encouraged to sell out to more prosperous ones

Question 278

Stolypins reforms: how did hereditary ownership of land by peasants increase from 1905-15

Answer 278

20%-50%

Question 279

Stolypins reforms: how did grain production rise 1900-14

Answer 279

Annually from 56 million tons to 90 million

Question 280

Stolypins reforms: what was russia the worlds largest exporter of by 1909

Answer 280

Cereal

Question 281

Stolypins reforms: what played a significant part in increasing production

Answer 281

Run of good harvests

Question 282

Stolypins reforms: what took 3.5 million peasants away from the over populated rural districts of the south and west to Siberia and help Siberia develop into a major agricultural region

Answer 282

Stolypins encouragement to districts of the south and west

Question 283

Stolypins reforms: what did Siberia specialise in by 1915

Answer 283

Dairy and cereals

Question 284

Stolypins reforms: how many applications for consolidation of hereditary tenure of individual farms dealt with by 1913

Answer 284

1.3 million/5 jillion

Question 285

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership by 1914

Answer 285

10%

Question 286

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasant holdings were still in traditional strips by 1914 and why

Answer 286

90%

Conservative peasants reluctant to give up traditional practice and the security the Mir provided for them

Question 287

Stolypins reforms: why did 50% land remain in the hands of the nobility

Answer 287

Landowners often reluctant to give ho land and difficulties of dividing common land brought protracted legal battles

Question 288

Stolypins reforms: what percentage of peasants achieved kulak status

Answer 288

Less than one percent

Question 289

Stolypins reforms: what were those of kulak status forced to do

Answer 289

Leave their farms and join bands of migrant labourers looking for either seasonal farming work or industrial employment

Question 290

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what swelled the urban population in russias major cities

Answer 290

arrival of new large factories, growing numbers of smaller workshops

Question 291

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many factory workers 1900 and 1913

Answer 291

2 million- 6 million 1913

Question 292

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did the empires urban poplation quadruple between 1867 and n1917

Answer 292

influx of peasants looking for work in the cities

Question 293

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did some peasants settle only temporarlily

Answer 293

retained their land and returned to their villages to help out their families for harvest

Question 294

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how many people living in St Pt by 1914 were peasantsa by birth

Answer 294

3/4

Question 295

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did a peasants atmosphere surround the workers quarters in the city

Answer 295

livestock roamed the streets are there were numerous outdoor peasant markets, including one of red square

Question 296

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how were facilities inadequate

Answer 296

• workers lived in overcorwded abd dirty barracks owned by factory workers
• ate in canteen and washed in communal bathrooms

Question 297

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what percentage of houses in st pt at turn of century had no running water/ sewage system

Answer 297

40%

Question 298

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why is it unsurprsising that 30000 inhabitants died of cholera in 1908-09

Answer 298

excrement set in piles in back yards and collected by wooden carts at night

Question 299

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did rents reamin high despite awful conditions

Answer 299

demand for work and accomodation high

Question 300

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what did workers wages vary according to

Answer 300

whether unskilled/skilled, occupation followed, amount of overtime put in or amount deducted in fines

Question 301

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why were amogst lowest paid

Answer 301

women

Question 302

developments in working and living conditions in towns: when were conditions at their worst

Answer 302

industrial depression of 1900-08

Question 303

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to workers wages when industry began to revive

Answer 303

failed to keep pace with inflation

Question 304

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were normal factory hours reduced to by 1914

Answer 304

10 hours

Question 305

developments in working and living conditions in towns: how did education spread

Answer 305

85% rise in primary education 1905-1914

gov promoted development of technical schools and unis

Question 306

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what were inadequacies of education

Answer 306

investment in education far less than in railways and only 55% children in full time education by 1914

Question 307

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what was it easy for towns and cities to become breeding places for

Answer 307

political discontent

Question 308

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why was poltiical activism comparatively rare before 1905

Answer 308

strike activity illegal and secret police efficient

relatively small number of workers and own desperation to get and retain jobs

Question 309

developments in working and living conditions in towns: why did workers at lena goldfields in siberia go on strike in 1912

Answer 309

better wages and conditions

Question 310

developments in working and living conditions in towns: what happened to lena goldfields strikers

Answer 310

troops sent in 270 killed and 250 injured

Question 311

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did conditions for peasant gamers not improve substantially

Answer 311

Strip farming persisted on 90% land and still widespread rural poverty

Question 312

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did gap between richest and poorest sections of peasantry become wider

Answer 312

Wealthier peasant entrepreneurs/kulaks took advantage of less favoured and bought out impoverished neighbours

Question 313

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why were increasing numbers forced to leave their farms

Answer 313

Join bands of migrants labourers looking for seasonal farming work/industrial employment

Question 314

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: why did a minority emigrate to Siberia

Answer 314

Encouraged by gov schemes from 1896 to sponsor emigration from over populated rural south and west to new agricultural settlements

Question 315

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how successful was gov drive to emigrate to Siberia

Answer 315

3.5 million/97 million went and scheme inadequate to alleviate pressure of growing population on resources

Question 316

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: how did living standards vary in different parts of country

Answer 316

• more prosperous commercial farming in peripheral regions

- continuation of nobles landowning and backward farming methods mainly concentrated in Russian heartland

Question 317

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside: who tended to be better out of state peasants or privately owned serves

Answer 317

State peasants

Question 318

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what were many peasants turned down as unfit for

Answer 318

Military service

Question 319

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: where were mortality rates higher in Russia than

Answer 319

Anywhere else in Europe

Question 320

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: which professions were in short supply

Answer 320

Doctors and teachers

Question 321

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was education like

Answer 321

Few received more than basic elementary education

1914 still around 60% illiteracy

Question 322

Developments in living and working conditions in countryside: what was unblemished despite remaining at bottom of social ladder

Answer 322

Sense of community and loyalty to church and tsar

Question 323

social divisions: what did society become as economic changes were underway

Answer 323

more complex

Question 324

social divisions: what was the most marked social feature

Answer 324

the continuing division between a small upper stratum of nobility and the broad mass of peasantry

Question 325

the nobility: how did some nobles thrive despite their position suffering as a whole after emancipation

Answer 325

some thrived on favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation

Question 326

the nobility: what did others serve in which allowed them to retain former influence

Answer 326

gov office or with strong military

Question 327

the nobility: what proportion of nobles land was transferred to townsmen/peasants between 1861-1905

Answer 327

one third

Question 328

the nobility: how did nobles struggle economically

Answer 328

-struggled to meet debts, failed to understand modern money management, investment for future and need to adjust living standards accordingly

Question 329

the nobility: why weren’t nobles incomes substantially harmed

Answer 329

no re distributive taxation or attacks on landed wealth

Question 330

the nobility: how did nicholas view nobility

Answer 330

encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within local zemstva retained

Question 331

the nobility: what were nobility regularly appointed to

Answer 331

provincial governorships and vice governorships

Question 332

the nobility: what had its own noble assembly

Answer 332

each province and district of the empire, met once a year

Question 333

the nobility: when did first meeting of united nobility take place

Answer 333

may 1906

Question 334

middle classes: what was traditional legal structure of Russia challenged by

Answer 334

emergence of middle stratum that expanded as pace of economic change quickened

Question 335

middle classes: which people were able to carve out comfortable lives for themselves

Answer 335

new business and professional men

Question 336

middle classes: how was there social mobility

Answer 336

nobles sons chose to join the business world/those of peasant stock rose through hard work and enterprise to join ranks of middle management

Question 337

middle classes: why did the group grow in force

Answer 337

as management and professional positions became more in demand in the increasingly complex industrialising society

Question 338

middle classes: where were there plenty of opportunities for enterprising

Answer 338

within industrialising regions and in development of Russia’s infrastructure

Question 339

middle classes: growth of what also fuelled growing middle class

Answer 339

growth of education and demand for more administrators

Question 340

middle classes: where did growing middle classes find their natural home

Answer 340

on councils of zemstva and in town and state dumas

Question 341

workers and peasantry: what most affected workers and peasantry

Answer 341

population growth and economic development

Question 342

workers and peasantry: what awakening of the peasants was underway by 1914

Answer 342

awakening peasantry from their inertia to political activism

Question 343

workers and peasantry: what were most peasant protests before 1914 the result of

Answer 343

failed harvest/unfair land allocation

Question 344

workers and peasantry: what would complete awakening of peasants to political activism

Answer 344

exceptional conditions of war

Question 345

workers and peasantry: how did former peasants in urban areas alienate their families and roots

Answer 345

lost something of their former identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity sharing grievances

Question 346

workers and peasantry: how could it be justified to say that one of the gravest mistaken of the tsarist gov was to fail to respond effectively to effects of social change in the cities

Answer 346

was from large and discontented urban working class that impetus to overthrow regime in 1917 would eventually come

Question 347

workers and peasantry: what did former peasants in urban areas become an easy target for

Answer 347

political agitators

Question 348

cultural changes: how did fundamental patriarchal structure of society remain in 1914

Answer 348

ties of family and household predominated

Question 349

cultural changes: what brought new opportunities and aspirations for woemn

Answer 349

economic and political developments

Question 350

cultural changes: what did educational opportunities grow from 1900 despite

Answer 350

AIII and NII trying to cut back on womens educational opportunities

Question 351

cultural changes: how did greater numbers of women find increased independence

Answer 351

factory work

Question 352

cultural changes: when was first all russian congress of women

Answer 352

December 1908

Question 353

cultural changes: who attended first all russian congress of women and what did it campaign for

Answer 353

1035 delegates and it campaigned for a female franchise

Question 354

cultural changes: what did gov expenditure on primary education grow from 1896 to 1914

Answer 354

5 million roubles to over 82 million by 1914

Question 355

cultural changes: how many children ages 8-11 were receiving primary education by 1911 and what proportion of these were girls

Answer 355

over 6.5 million

only a third were girls

Question 356

cultural changes: what % illiteracy was there in 1914

Answer 356

40%

Question 357

cultural changes: what did a basic level of education help to increase

Answer 357

a sense of self worth among the literate

Question 358

cultural changes: why did number of books and publication proliferate

Answer 358

popular press boomed after 1905

Question 359

cultural changes: what did secondary and higher education remain

Answer 359

elitist

Question 360

cultural changes: number of uni students 1860-1914

Answer 360

5000-69,000

Question 361

cultural changes: what did more serious writers and artists use their art forms to address

Answer 361

problems in russian society

Question 362

cultural changes: what did Anton Chekhov produce and what tradition did he continue

Answer 362

a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s until his death in 1904
continued realist tradition of Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1860s and 1870s

Question 363

cultural changes: what did relaxation of censorship controls from 1905 produce

Answer 363

silver age of russian culture

Question 364

cultural changes: what was silver age of culture dominated by

Answer 364

poets

Question 365

cultural changes: examples of experiments in modernism

Answer 365

• Igor Stravinsky’s music
• Serge Diaghilev’s ballets
• Marc Chagalls pictures
• Kazimir Malevich’s paintings

Question 366

cultural changes: what challenges did experiments in modernism pose

Answer 366

to convention and showed that russia was culturally as much a part of modern world as its more advanced economic neighbours

Question 367

cultural changes: what had russian culture broadened and diversified to encompass by 1914

Answer 367

a much wider groups than the intelligentsia elites

Question 368

cultural changes: in what sense was russian culture and behaviour seen to exhibit little change

Answer 368

• 1913 tercentenary year of Romanov dynasty
• Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate permanency of Romanov’s
• encouraging wearing of Muscovite costumes and Orthodox

Question 369

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what added to numbers favouring more representation and rule of law

Answer 369

spread of education and emergence of stronger middle class as a result of industrialisation

Question 370

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why was liberalism particularly strong in the zemstva

Answer 370

• reputation enhanced by actions taken in face of gov incompetence during Great Famine 1891-92
• resentments galvanised by reduction zemstva powers under AII

Question 371

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: how did Tsar dismiss Tver Zemstvo’s petition to set up an advisory body

Answer 371

as senseless dreams

Question 372

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: liberal noble who continued to demand creation of an all class zemstvo at district level and a national assembly

Answer 372

Prince Lvov

Question 373

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what happened when Ivan Shipov tried to set up an ‘All Zemsto Organisation’ in 1896

Answer 373

it was immediately banned

Question 374

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did banning of ‘all zemstvo organisation’ encourage some liberals to do

Answer 374

establish Beseda Symposium in 1899

Question 375

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did Beseda Smyposium meet in secret to discuss

Answer 375

matters of liberal interest eg judicial reform and universal education

Question 376

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did beseda symposium assume leadership of liberal movement in 1900

Answer 376

gov ordered dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the zemstva

Question 377

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who did Beseda symposium attract a wide range of support from when they assumed leadership of the liberals

Answer 377

public figures, town leaders, members of legal and teaching professions and industrialists

Question 378

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what was founded in 1903 under Struve

Answer 378

union of liberation

Question 379

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why did struve defect from the Marxist movement

Answer 379

opposed its commitment to violent revolution

Question 380

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed

Answer 380

a period of peaceful evolution in which to adapt to its new industrialising status

Question 381

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what system did struve want to see implemented

Answer 381

constitutional system through which workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions

Question 382

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did struve believe Russia needed to adapt to its new industrialising status

Answer 382

period of peaceful evolution

Question 383

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: who attended unions grand meeting of 1904

Answer 383

reps of zemstva and other professional societies

Question 384

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what did members declare at unions grand meeting

Answer 384

intention to work for establishment of a constitutional gov and arranged series of society banquets

Question 385

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what political influence did they have

Answer 385

limited

Question 386

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: what were they fortunate to escape

Answer 386

closer attention of police

Question 387

growth of liberal opposition to 1905: why were they main beneficiaries from 1905 revolution

Answer 387

one of their aims, duma, established

Question 388

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when were ideas of agrarian socialism revived

Answer 388

after great famine 1891-92

Question 389

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when was SR founded

Answer 389

1901

Question 390

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs become a rallying point for

Answer 390

those who wished to appeal to peasantry through a commitment to land socialisation and decentralised government

Question 391

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: who was SRs most influential theorist

Answer 391

Viktor Chernov

Question 392

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how was SRs a fairly loose organisation

Answer 392

comprised of groups with a wide variety of views

Question 393

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: why did SRs put forward idea that peasants and workers should work together to bring down autocracy and bring about land redistribution

Answer 393

they saw their views as identical

Question 394

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what emphasis of SRs set them apart from pure Marxists

Answer 394

emphasis on peasantry and land socialisation rather than land nationalisation

Question 395

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: what did SRs develop in terms of support

Answer 395

wide national base with a large peasant membership

Question 396

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how were SR tactics similar to earlier populists

Answer 396

tried to stir up discontent in countryside and strikes in towns and to disrupt gov by political assassinations

Question 397

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how many political assasinations did SRs carry out between 1901-05

Answer 397

2000

Question 398

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: which ministers of internal affairs did SRs assassinate

Answer 398

Dmitri Sipyagin and Von Plehve

Question 399

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did SRs play an active role in 1905 revolution

Answer 399

developed full programme in Nov 1905 and forming a separate combat organisation which attracted many students to carry out assassinations

Question 400

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: when did SRs assassinate Stolypin

Answer 400

1911

Question 401

development of socialism and the emergence of the SR party: how did police hinder SRs progress

Answer 401

foiled some activities and was successful in infiltrating the movement at its highest levels

Question 402

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what helped make Marxist theories more attractive to Russian intellectuals from late 1890s

Answer 402

industrial takeoff

Question 403

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: which group grew

Answer 403

Georgi Plekhanovs emancipation of labour group

Question 404

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were attracted by Marxist ideas

Answer 404

discussion circles, workers organisations, illegal trade unions, and other groups

Question 405

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when was SD party set up

Answer 405

1898

Question 406

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what happened at first congress of Russian SDs

Answer 406

chose name, elected 3 man central committee and produced a manifesto

Question 407

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto assert

Answer 407

working classes had and were been exploited by their masters and that the future of Russia would be the product of the class struggle

Question 408

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did SDs manifesto make clear that impetus for change had to come from

Answer 408

working men themselves

Question 409

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: why did SDs get off to promising start

Answer 409

first congress broken up by Okhrana agents who promptly arrested 2 of committee

Question 410

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: who came to play a prominent part in development of party

Answer 410

lenin

Question 411

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: when did second party congress take place

Answer 411

1903

Question 412

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was considered at second party congress

Answer 412

variety of propositions as to how party should move forward but were divided on these

Question 413

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did lenin argue in favour of

Answer 413

strong disciplined organisation of professional revolutionaries to lead proletariat

Question 414

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what did others like Martov believe

Answer 414

their task should be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership

Question 415

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: how did lenin win vote towards more centralise party structure despite not having mass support in beginning

Answer 415

number of reps withdrew and lenin claimed his supporters were majority

Question 416

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what was there continued argument and rivalry between in SDs

Answer 416

nature, timing, and organisation of rev

Question 417

influence of Marxism and development of SDs: what were Bolsheviks and mensheviks by 1906 and why

Answer 417

essentially 2 separate parties because division hardened so much

Question 418

Trade unions: why may a reduction in working class discontent have been expected after excitement raised by 1905 revolution

Answer 418

Revolution and legislation of trade unions

Question 419

Trade unions: what did the state continue to fear despite some reforms for working class

Answer 419

Independent working class activity and potential for revolutionaries to work through trade unions

Question 420

Trade unions: how many TUs closed town and how many denied registration 1906-1910

Answer 420

497 closed down

604 denied registration

Question 421

Trade unions: what were unions that survived mainly

Answer 421

Those of the better paid male skilled workers

Question 422

Trade unions: what reduced any opportunity for union action from 1907

Answer 422

Economic depression, rise in unemployment and political clampdown

Question 423

Trade unions: what provided new impetus

Answer 423

Shooting of unarmed demonstrators at Lena Goldfields in April 1912

Question 424

Trade unions: what gave Skills labour more bargaining power in market place from 1911

Answer 424

Economic recovery

Question 425

Trade unions: where was trade union activity mainly confined to

Answer 425

St Petersburg and surrounding area

Question 426

Trade unions: what added to anger and opposition

Answer 426

Bitter resistance of employers and repressive measures taken to break strikes

Question 427

Trade unions: how was danger to autocracy of pre war strike movement less than it seemed

Answer 427

Gerogespically limited, only 12% enterprises experienced a strike and even GS in St Pt only brought out a quarter of manufacturing labour force

Question 428

Other opposition groups: why was moderate liberal opposition largely appeased by

Answer 428

Tsarist concessions 1905-06 and tried to cooperate with duma sustem

Question 429

Other opposition groups: why was there no single, strong opposition among the nationalisites after 1905

Answer 429

• apart from poles and Finns none wanted outright independence
• Ukrainians and Belorussians, combo of policies of assimilation and respressiln enjoyed success

Question 430

Other opposition groups: why were SRs and SDs weakened after 1905

Answer 430

• exile of leaders
• damaging split within SDs
• rivalry between SRs and SDs

Question 431

Other opposition groups: what were ideological divisions within SRS AND SDS compounded by

Answer 431

Disagreements over appropriate response to 1905 defeat and use parties should make to work in Dumas

Question 432

Other opposition groups: how did srs and SDs suffer from secret police activities

Answer 432

Agrents effective in smashing rev cells

Question 433

Other opposition groups: what made organisation of srs and SDs difficult

Answer 433

Industrial depression 1907, lack of finance and shortage of secret printing presses

Question 434

Other opposition groups: what happened instead of establishing national, regional or even all city organisations

Answer 434

At best they maintained underground organisation in individual factories and workshops

Question 435

Other opposition groups: how was there a revival in Bolshevik fortunes in 1912-14

Answer 435

Succeeded in taking over many legal labour institutions in st pt and moscow from Mensheviks and gained 6 workers deputies in elections to fourth duma

Question 436

Other opposition groups: when did Pravda launch

Answer 436

April 1912

Question 437

Other opposition groups: how had bolsheviks been helped in fourth duma elections

Answer 437

By SR boycott

Question 438

Other opposition groups: who did bolsheviks enjoy no success with

Answer 438

Army and navy

Question 439

Other opposition groups: what became nothing of Bolshevik promise

Answer 439

Launch general pol strike, provoke mass street Demos and recreation soviet of workers deputies on 1905 model

Question 440

Other opposition groups: how did opposition in Russia appear before 1914

Answer 440

Weak and demoralised

Question 441

Other opposition groups: why did coming of war in 1914 further diminish support for action

Answer 441

Patriotic fervour swept through all political save for bolsheviks

Question 442

Other opposition groups: why did Lenin favour defeat

Answer 442

Believed it would bring Russia closer to rev he sought

Question 443

political problems of tsardom in wartime: how was tsars decision to go to war in 1914 initially popular

Answer 443

supported by wave of anti german sentiment

Question 444

political problems of tsardom in wartime: what happened to strike activity and extremist when tsar announced decision to go to war

Answer 444

strike activity ceased, extremists imprisoned

Question 445

political problems of tsardom in wartime: why did duma dissolve itself in coming of war

Answer 445

didnt want to burden country with unnecessary politics

Question 446

political problems of tsardom in wartime: what did st petersburg become

Answer 446

petrograd

Question 447

political problems of tsardom in wartime: when was spirit of national solidarity dampened

Answer 447

initial victories gave way to defeat at hands of germand in Battle of Tannenburg

Question 448

political problems of tsardom in wartime: reports of what inflamed simmering discontent in russian capital

Answer 448

military incompetence

Question 449

wartime gov and organisation: what were military zones set up in July 1914

Answer 449

all civillian authority suspended and military assumed command

Question 450

wartime gov and organisation: why did liberal zemstva oppose military zones

Answer 450

regarded gov as insensitive to needs of people and believed civilians had major part to play in running the war

Question 451

wartime gov and organisation: why was govs decision to ban sale of alcohol 1914 resented

Answer 451

vodka regarded as a near essential

Question 452

wartime gov and organisation: what did zemstva establish to provide medical facilities which state seemed to neglect

Answer 452

union of zemstva

Question 453

wartime gov and organisation: what initiative came from factory owners and businessmen

Answer 453

congress of reps of industry and business

Question 454

wartime gov and organisation: what did congress of reps of industry and businessmen do

Answer 454

helped coordinate production

Question 455

wartime gov and organisation: what joined togehter in June 1915 to form all russian union of zemstva and cities

Answer 455

existing zemstva and municipal dumas

Question 456

wartime gov and organisation: who was all russian union of zemstvas and cities chaired by

Answer 456

Prince Lvov

Question 457

wartime gov and organisation: what did all russian union of zemstva and cities soon turn into

Answer 457

liberal focus for discontent

Question 458

wartime gov and organisation: what did progressive bloc demand

Answer 458

the tsar change his ministers and establish a gov of public confidence

Question 459

wartime gov and organisation: who set up progressive bloc

Answer 459

some deputies from fourth duma

Question 460

wartime gov and organisation: what did NII do in response to progressive blocs demands

Answer 460

suspended all sittings of duma in sept and remained closed until jan 1917

Question 461

wartime gov and organisation: what did NII decide to do following defeats in Galicia

Answer 461

take on role of commander in chief of russian army

Question 462

wartime gov and organisation: what was NII decision to take on role of commander in chief not wise

Answer 462

hed already lost confidence and support of russian general staff and didnt possess military experience to turn war effort around

Question 463

wartime gov and organisation: what effect did NII commander in chief have

Answer 463

made him appear yet more responsible for varying disasters and distanced him more from developments in Petrograd

Question 464

wartime gov and organisation: why began to meddle in political appointments and policy in city

Answer 464

rasputin

Question 465

wartime gov and organisation: what rumours were circulating about Alexandra

Answer 465

deliberately sabotaging war effort

Question 466

wartime gov and organisation: who warned nicholas of rasputins unpopularity

Answer 466

president of fourth duma, Mikhail Rodzianko

Question 467

wartime gov and organisation: why did NII not take action against rasputin

Answer 467

his wife relied on him heavily

Question 468

wartime gov and organisation: who murdered rasputin 17 december 1916

Answer 468

tsars nephew and his accomplice

Question 469

wartime gov and organisation: how did NII seem unaware/unconcerned about political demands

Answer 469

in letters home he seemed more concerned about childrens measles than starving children

Question 470

economic and social problems created by war: how was russian economy showing strains of war by Christmas 1914

Answer 470

serious shortage of munitions and prospect of a long war was daunting

Question 471

military issues: how many men did gov manage to mobilise between 1914-17

Answer 471

15 million

Question 472

military issues: how were soldiers sent to fight without adequate supplies

Answer 472

without suitable weaponary, lacking warm clothing and fitting, waterproof footwear

Question 473

military issues: how many rifles did infantry have 1914

Answer 473

2 rifles for every 3 soldiers

Question 474

military issues: what did soldiers have to rely on weaponary wise in early years

Answer 474

that of fallen comrades

Question 475

military issues: what did quiet winter months of 1915-16 allow for

Answer 475

more time for training and production of ammunition

Question 476

military issues: what did most front line units have by time of brusilov offensive june 1916

Answer 476

reasonable complement of machine guns and artillery shells

Question 477

military issues: why did army have a serious lack of experienced officers by 1916

Answer 477

most killed by early stages of war

Question 478

military issues: what led to 1.5 million desertions per year

Answer 478

heavy casualties and deteriorating economic and pol situation in russia

Question 479

internal problems: what did spending on war rise to 1914-18

Answer 479

1914: 1500 million roubles

1918 14500 roubles

Question 480

internal problems: what happened as a result of rural and industrial workforce being affected by increased military spending

Answer 480

women and children took on some mens work but production slumped at a time when country needed to be producing more

Question 481

internal problems: what removed important industrial capacity in Germany and other parts of western russia

Answer 481

overrun by germans

Question 482

internal problems: what brought russian trade to a standstill

Answer 482

naval blockades of baltic and black sea ports together with loss of overland routes to europe

Question 483

internal problems: why did some in countryside do well out of war

Answer 483

conscription helped to relieve some of population pressure and those with grain and horses made money by supplying the military

Question 484

internal problems: why did some hoard grain and foodstuffs they produced

Answer 484

prices offered by gov low, tools and equipment in short supply and it was hard to find essential household goods

Question 485

internal problems: why did grain not always reach town workers even when it was released

Answer 485

inefficient distribution

Question 486

internal problems: why had railways been taken over

Answer 486

to transport men and goods to front line

Question 487

internal problems: what happened to foodstuffs that should have found their way to citites

Answer 487

left to rot beside railway beside railway sidings

Question 488

internal problems: why did town population swell

Answer 488

factories sought more workers for essential war industries

Question 489

internal problems: what did recruitment drive mean although armament manufacture improved

Answer 489

rifle prod x2

heavy artillery prod x4- at expense of civilian needs

Question 490

internal problems: why did unemployment soar in urban centres

Answer 490

non military factories deprived of vital supplies and forced to close

Question 491

internal problems: what financially crippled surviving industries

Answer 491

strikes and lockouts

Question 492

internal problems: how many workers on strike in moscow and petrograd Jan 1917

Answer 492

m 30,000

p 145000`

Question 493

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why were streets of petrograd tense by winter of 1917

Answer 493

pent up frustrations of unemployed, starving and desperate

Question 494

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was a hint of things to come

Answer 494

demonstration 150000 workers in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday

Question 495

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why was order no 1 introduced

Answer 495

pressure from soldiers and from mutineers at Kronstadt caused petrograd soviet to agree that each regiment should elect committees and send reps to soviet

Question 496

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was order no 1

Answer 496

charter of soldiers rights

Question 497

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 all units to elect

Answer 497

deputy to soviet and agree to pol control of petrograd soviet

Question 498

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 military commission of duma to be obeyed only if

Answer 498

agreed with soviets orders

Question 499

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 alll weapons to be controlled by

Answer 499

elected soldiers committees

Question 500

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: all soldiers to enjoy when off duty

Answer 500

full citizens rights

Question 501

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 no honorific titles to be used for

Answer 501

officers

Question 502

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 officers not to address soldiers in what form

Answer 502

ty form

Question 503

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII never return to pretrograd

Answer 503

train diverted by rebellious railway workers and froced to stop as Pskov

Question 504

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who was tsar under pressure to resign from

Answer 504

chief of general stafff

Question 505

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did chief of general staff pressure NII to resign

Answer 505

he’d be reassured by an agreement on 1 march that petrograd soviet would recognise PG formed by members of duma

Question 506

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who did chief of general staff suggest NII resign in favour of

Answer 506

his son

Question 507

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: when did NII agree to cheif of general staffs demand

Answer 507

2 march

Question 508

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII name GD Mikhail as new tsar

Answer 508

Alexei’s health too delicate

Question 509

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: how did NII state Mikhail should lead country

Answer 509

‘in complete union with reps of people in legislative bodies on principles to be established by them and to take an inviolable oath to this effect

Question 510

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who refused throne

Answer 510

Mikahil

Question 511

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: where were tsar and family placed

Answer 511

under house arrest along with most of members of tsars council of ministers

Question 512

prov gov: who led PG

Answer 512

prince Lvov

Question 513

prov gov: what did its members represent

Answer 513

cross section of influentual elites

Question 514

prov gov: what was its orginial intention

Answer 514

temporary and elections would be held asap for new constituent assembly

Question 515

prov gov: who was PG accepted as legitimate by

Answer 515

tsarist civil service, army officers and police

Question 516

prov gov: where did PG set up

Answer 516

in duma chamber in right wind of Tauride Palace in petrograd

Question 517

petrograd soviet: how did workers soliders and peasants regard PG

Answer 517

self appointed committee of wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom

Question 518

petrograd soviet: who was it dominated by

Answer 518

mensheviks and SRs small no of bolsheviks

Question 519

petrograd soviet: where did it establish its HQ

Answer 519

left wing of tauride palace

Question 520

petrograd soviet: what was it primarily composed of

Answer 520

radical social intellectuals

Question 521

petrograd soviet: what did it seem to lack

Answer 521

confidence needed to assume direct control

Question 522

petrograd soviet: what agreement was reached thanks to kerensky

Answer 522

agreement to work together which laid foundations for period of dual power

Question 523

petrograd soviet: what did soviet make no attempt to demand

Answer 523

land redistribution or nationalisation of industry

Question 524

petrograd soviet: what promises of PG did soviet accept

Answer 524

• general amnesty for pol prisoners
• basic civil liberties
• abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality
• right to organise TUs and to strike
• constituent assembly elected

Question 525

petrograd soviet: what did PG allow freedom of

Answer 525

religion and the press

Question 526

petrograd soviet: what did PG abolish

Answer 526

death penalty at front

Question 527

petrograd soviet: who did PG replace tsarist police force with

Answer 527

peoples militia

Question 528

the dual power in action: why was dual power never going to be easy

Answer 528

mixture of radical and liberals ruling

Question 529

the dual power in action: what did order 1 state that made rule difficult

Answer 529

soldiers should obey PG but only when soviet agreed with pg

Question 530

the dual power in action: what did soviet encourage whilst PG tried to discipline deserters and restore order in towns and cities

Answer 530

encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their rights

Question 531

the dual power in action: what had the masses expected despite PGs belief that a change of regime should lead to all out effort to win the war

Answer 531

expected political changes to bring about an end to wartime deprivation

Question 532

the dual power in action: examples of workers and peasants disturbances that continued

Answer 532

• military desertions and workers strikes

- peasants disturbances affected 34 districts march 1917 325 in july

Question 533

the dual power in action: what led to a massive anti war demonstration that forced milyukov and guchkov to resign

Answer 533

announcement april 1917 that gov would continue fighting until a just peace has been ensued

Question 534

the dual power in action: who were milyukov and guchov replaced by

Answer 534

socialists from the soviet

Question 535

the dual power in action: who was prince Lvov replaced as chairman by

Answer 535

Kerensky

Question 536

the dual power in action: why did ministerial changes alarm upper class

Answer 536

despair that gov had failed to protect their property, maintain order or win war aggravated by shift to left

Question 537

the dual power in action: which street riots exacerbated upper class fears

Answer 537

july days

Question 538

the dual power in action: who were the hopes of the elites transferred to

Answer 538

general kornilov who Kerensky had appointed as commander in chief of army

Question 539

the dual power in action: what did Kornilov order at end of august 1917

Answer 539

6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd, presumably intending to crush the soviet and establish a military dictatorship

Question 540

the dual power in action: why did kornilov affair fail

Answer 540

Kerensky released imprisoned Bolsheviks and provided soviet with weapons from gov armouries to halt kornilovs advance

Question 541

the dual power in action: what was support for PG like by summer 1917

Answer 541

little support left

Question 542

the dual power in action: what were food supplies and wages like by end of summer 1917

Answer 542

food supplies chaotic in towns and although gov granted 8 hour day, real wages fell rapidly in 1917 as prices rose

Question 543

the dual power in action: why was hope of workers that unions and factory committees would be able to improve their lot dashed

Answer 543

august when right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike was confirmed and meetings of factory committees during working hours were forbidden

Question 544

the dual power in action: what lost pg support in countryside

Answer 544

continuation of war and govs failure to redistribute land

Question 545

the dual power in action: why did gov fail to redistribute land

Answer 545

claimed such an important issue had to be left until after Russia had a democratically elected assembly

Question 546

the dual power in action: what did peasants do when pg failed to redistribute land

Answer 546

took law into their own hands and seized it anyway

Question 547

the dual power in action: what suspicions were rife despite electoral commission being established in may to arrange elections for November

Answer 547

suspicion that bourgeois gov was deliberately delaying a move to greater demoncracy in order to preserve its power

Question 548

the dual power in action: which group benefitted most from widespread disillusionment

Answer 548

Bolsheviks

Question 549

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: when did lenin return to Russia from Switzerland

Answer 549

3 april 1917

Question 550

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why was lenin helped by germans

Answer 550

they expected him to seize power and make peace

Question 551

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: where were april theses published

Answer 551

Pravda`

Question 552

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did april theses demand

Answer 552

• power transferred to soviets
• war brought to an immediate end
• all land taken over by state and reallocated to peasants by local soviets

Question 553

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what have april theses been summed up as

Answer 553

demand for peace bread and land

Question 554

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did ‘all power to soviets mean’

Answer 554

lenin stressed a policy of non cooperation with PG

Question 555

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenin want all power to soviets

Answer 555

he argued that Russian middle class was too weak to carry through a full bourgeois revolution and that to allow the middle classes to continue in power was to hold inevitable proletarian revolution back

Question 556

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did some Bolsheviks fear

Answer 556

that lenin had grown out of touch and that his radical proposals would do more harm than good

Question 557

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what allegations were there about lenin

Answer 557

that he was in the pay of the germans

Question 558

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did the mensheviks fear about lenin

Answer 558

that he would undermine what they had been doing and by stirring up discontent would provoke a right wing reaction

Question 559

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did some think lenins call to oppose PG was unrealistic

Answer 559

Bolsheviks had only 26000 members and were still in minority among socialists

Question 560

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why were Bolsheviks divided amongst themselves

Answer 560

over whether to cooperate with PG or not

Question 561

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin claim credit for in his speeches that gradually built up support for him

Answer 561

claimed credit for what was already happening, not least peasants seizure of land

Question 562

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: how had lenin won over majority of central committee of Bolshevik party by end of april

Answer 562

by sheer force of personality

Question 563

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did winning wider support require more persistence

Answer 563

when first all Russian congress of sovviets met in Petrograd on 3 june it passed a cote of confidence In PG

Question 564

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenin win a key adherence at beginning of july

Answer 564

when Trotsky decided to throw his full weight behind Bolshevik cause

Question 565

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: kerenskys determination to do what played into Bolshevik hands

Answer 565

continue the war

Question 566

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what threatened to undermine some of Bolsheviks good work

Answer 566

frustrations and disappointments of workers, soldiers and sailors that boiled over in unctontolled rioting in Petrograd during july days

Question 567

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why were warrants for the arrest of Bolsheviks issued

Answer 567

blamed for stirring up troubles in july days

Question 568

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: how did soviet newspaper Izvestia denounce role of Bolsheviks over july days

Answer 568

claimed lenin was working in pay of germans and against russias best interests

Question 569

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what happened to Bolshevik propaganda and Pravda following july days

Answer 569

propaganda burned and Pravda offices closed

Question 570

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did lenins reputation fall after july days

Answer 570

for fleeing rather than leading

Question 571

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did it seem Bolshevik moment had passed on 8 july

Answer 571

Kerensky replaced prince Lvov as PM

Question 572

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why was Bolsheviks cause saved by kornilov affair

Answer 572

Bolsheviks released from gaols and soldiers, sailors and workers again took to streets

Question 573

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Bolsheviks organise when given arms by PG during kornilov affair

Answer 573

seized opportunity to organise bands of workers commanded by their red guards

Question 574

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were Bolsheviks able to bask in reputation of after Kornilov affair

Answer 574

being the only group to have opposed kornilov consistently

Question 575

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were Bolsheviks elected in increasing numbers to

Answer 575

soviets throughout urban Moscow and in duma elections in moscow

Question 576

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Bolshevik support increase by between june and december

Answer 576

164%

Question 577

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: Bolshevik membership feb-oct

Answer 577

feb- 23000

oct- 200000

Question 578

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what placed them in a powerful position by September

Answer 578

Bolsheviks won a majority in elections were held to Petrograd soviet and had control of Moscow soviet

Question 579

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did trosky become on 21 sept

Answer 579

chairman of Petrograd soviet

Question 580

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what were inadequacies of Bolsheviks despite their increasing support

Answer 580

not a tightly organised or disciplined group

tended to go along with events rather than initiate change

Question 581

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin bombard control committee of bol party with from mid September

Answer 581

demands to stage a revolution and seize power

Question 582

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: who particularly opposed lenins desire to stage rev in central committee

Answer 582

Kamenev and zinoviev

Question 583

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: why did central committee urge restraint against bol seizure of power

Answer 583

Russia not yet economically ready for rev

Question 584

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did lenin write 12 sept

Answer 584

‘history will not forgive us if we do not assume power now’

Question 585

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did committee vote against 15 sept

Answer 585

a coup

Question 586

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Zinoviev and Kamenev argue bol rev shouldn’t occur before

Answer 586

results of constituent assembly known

Question 587

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Trotsky suggest they should work through

Answer 587

Petrograd soviet and wait for congress of soviets which was due to be convened on 26 oct

Question 588

lenins return and growth of Bolshevik support: what did Trotsky believe they could win at congress of soviets

Answer 588

support of all socialist parties for soviet gov without having to resort to violence

Question 589

The Bolshevik seizure of power: why did Lenin secretly return to Petrograd 7 October

Answer 589

To attend a meeting of central committee to try and win them over in person to policy of taking power immediately

Question 590

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what excuse did soviet have to set up military revolutionary committee

Answer 590

Kerensky sent some of more radical army units out of capital

Soviet claimed kerensky was abandoning capital to allow it to fall to Germans

Question 591

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did MRCs appoint

Answer 591

Commissars to military units to issue orders and organise weapons supplies

Question 592

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what was MRCs declared purpose

Answer 592

Toncontrol troop movements

Question 593

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what was MRCs existence justified by

Answer 593

Fears that gov ministers might support a right wing coup

Question 594

The Bolshevik seizure of power: when did Lenin finally succeed in convincing central committee that an armed rising is the order of the day

Answer 594

10 October

Question 595

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did zinoviev and Kamenev do in response to plans for rev

Answer 595

Disagreed and published own views in a newspaper, declaring that ‘if we take power now and we are forced into a revolutionary war, the mass of soldiers will not support us’

Question 596

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did kerensky try and do to limit Bolshevik power

Answer 596

• attempted to close 2 bolshevik newspapers and restrict MRCs power
• ordered bridges linking WC areas to centre of Petrograd to be raised

Question 597

The Bolshevik seizure of power: what did Bolshevik propagandist suggest kerenskys actions were a betrayal of

Answer 597

Soviet and an abandon enemy of principles of feb revolution

Question 598

How did Russia seem economically by October 1905?

Answer 598

Near collapse

Question 599

Where were there strikes and demonstrations? Where were peasant uprisings?

Answer 599

Cities

Countryside

Question 600

Why did Alexander III make his decree? What 2 things did he promise?

Answer 600

Pressure from advisers

Civil liberties and State Duma

Question 601

What are examples of civil liberties?

Answer 601

Free speech, press, assembly

Question 602

Who was the State Duma elected by? What did the Duma pass?

Answer 602

Universal suffrage

Laws

Question 603

Who accepted the Manifesto? Who are 3 group examples of these?

Answer 603

Liberals

Kadets, Progressives and Octobrists

Question 604

Which 2 socialist groups rejected the Manifesto? What do they stand for?

Answer 604

SR/SD

Revolutionaries and Democrats

Question 605

What were many workers unconvinced by in the Manifesto? Who did they continue to support?

Answer 605

Tsar’s promises

Socialist groups

Question 606

What uprising continued? What was hoped for?

Answer 606

Peasant uprising

Land redistribution

Question 607

Who remained loyal to the Tsar?

Answer 607

Army

Question 608

What 2 places did the army storm in November/December 1905?

Answer 608

Moscow and St Petersburg HQ

Question 609

What happened to Soviet leaders? What was the worst punishment?

Answer 609

Arrested or exiled to Siberia

Execution

Question 610

Where was order restored by the army? What ended for peasants?

Answer 610

Countryside

Redemption payments

Question 611

When were the Fundamental Laws introduced? What were they?

Answer 611

April 1906

A constitution

Question 612

Which 2 groups refused to participate in the Fundamental Laws?

Answer 612

SRs and Bolsheviks

Question 613

What did the Tsar exercise in the Fundamental Laws?

Answer 613

Supreme autocratic power

Question 614

What did the Tsar initiate in the Fundamental Laws?

Answer 614

Legislation and approval

Question 615

Who could the Tsar appoint and dismiss as part of the Fundamental Laws? What could he summon and dissolve?

Answer 615

Ministers

Duma

Question 616

What could the Tsar do in an emergency?

Answer 616

Rule by decree

Question 617

What did the Tsar never have any intention of becoming?

Answer 617

A “constitutional monarch”

Question 618

When was the First Duma active? Who was it dominated by?

Answer 618

May-June 1906

Radicals and Kadets

Question 619

What did the First Duma demand? Why did the Duma dissolve?

Answer 619

Radical change

Vote of no confidence

Question 620

When was the Second Duma active? Who engineered elections to gain Octobrists?

Answer 620

February-June 1907

Peter Stolypin

Question 621

Who increased the number of radical deputies due to participation?

Answer 621

Bolsheviks and SRs

Question 622

What did the Second Duma oppose?

Answer 622

Most Tsarist proposals

Question 623

When was the Third Duma active? What did Stolypin introduce?

Answer 623

November 1907-June 1912

Emergency law for representation

Question 624

Who dominated the Third Duma?

Answer 624

Octobrists and Conservatives

Question 625

When was the Fourth Duma active? Who couldn’t co-operate?

Answer 625

November 1912-17

Right and left deputies

Question 626

What did the Fourth Duma vote for in 1914? Why was it suspended in 1915?

Answer 626

War credits

Demanding more power

Question 627

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Nicholas II and his autocratic values?

Answer 627

“Nicholas was opposed to limitation upon his autocratic prerogatives”

Question 628

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Nicholas II offering concessions?

Answer 628

“He offered concessions in the hope of defusing tension”

Question 629

What did Witte believe that was essential for a revolution? What continued between 1892 and 1914?

Answer 629

Industrialisation

The drive for growth

Question 630

Between 1892 and 1914, what rate did the Russian economy grow?

Answer 630

8% per annum

Question 631

What was raised to encourage foreign loans?

Answer 631

Interest rates

Question 632

What was introduced in 1897 to increase business confidence? What was this backed by?

Answer 632

New rouble (currency)
Gold

Question 633

How was industrial development funded? What type of industry was prioritised?

Answer 633

Foreign capital

Heavy industry

Question 634

How many KM of railway track did Russia have by 1914?

Answer 634

62,000

Question 635

What was the purpose of the Trans-Siberian railway?

Answer 635

To link Russia with the Far East

Question 636

What stimulated heavy industries? Who was given reduced transport costs and government revenue?

Answer 636

Railway development

Manufacturers

Question 637

Due to the cost of railways, what did Russia become dependent on?

Answer 637

Foreign investment

Question 638

What was Russia the 5th largest power of in the world?

Answer 638

Industrial power

Question 639

How much did Coal increase from 1880-1910?

Answer 639

3.2-25.4 million metric tons

Question 640

How much did Pig Iron increase from 1880-1910?

Answer 640

0.42-3 million metric tons

Question 641

How much did Crude Oil increase from 1880-1910?

Answer 641

0.5-12.1 million metric tons

Question 642

What remained small-scale in the 1890s?

Answer 642

Agriculture

Question 643

Who was Stolypin in 1906? What did he believe in to prevent peasant unrest?

Answer 643

Minister of the Interior

Agricultural reform

Question 644

What type of ownership did Stolypin want to increase to create farmer profit?

Answer 644

Individual peasant ownership

Question 645

Who did Stolypin want to help support the regime of agriculture?

Answer 645

Kulaks and profit-orientated farmers

Question 646

What system/type of ownership was abolished in November 1906?

Answer 646

Mir

Collective ownership

Question 647

When were redemption payments abolished? Where could peasants leave?

Answer 647

January 1907

Villages

Question 648

What could peasants apply for with permission? What would be consolidated?

Answer 648

Consolidation for single farms

Scattered strips of farm

Question 649

What was newly reformed to fund purchases?

Answer 649

Peasant Land Bank

Question 650

What was used to encourage settlements in Siberia? What happened to them?

Answer 650

Government subsides

Increased

Question 651

How much did peasant ownership increase from 1905-1915?

Answer 651

20% to 50%

Question 652

What was produced that rose annually? What was the Russia the biggest exporter of in 1909?

Answer 652

Grain production

Cereal

Question 653

Who often bought out poorer peasants to increase the efficiency in farms?

Answer 653

Kulaks

Question 654

How many peasants moved from an overpopulated Siberia? What was prominently made in the region?

Answer 654

3,500,000

Dairy and cereal

Question 655

Why did some peasants sell up? What did this boost the supply of?

Answer 655

To move to towns

Industrial labour

Question 656

By 1914, how much land had successfully been transferred from communal to private ownership?

Answer 656

10%

Question 657

In 1914, how much of peasant holdings were based on scattered strips? What were peasants reluctant to?

Answer 657

90%

New farming methods

Question 658

Who lost their land? What did many do afterwards?

Answer 658

Poorer peasants

Factory or seasonal work

Question 659

What was Siberia like in terms of climate?

Answer 659

Difficult terrain

Question 660

What did industrialisation help strengthen in Russia? What did it bring about?

Answer 660

Economy

Changes

Question 661

What new emerson proved detrimental to the Tsarist regime?

Answer 661

Middle and urban working class

Question 662

What middle class occupations became more prominent in society? Where did many of these people play a role?

Answer 662

Owners, managers, traders and professionals

Zemstva

Question 663

What was lacking in the middle class that made them opponents to Tsarism? When was this finally established?

Answer 663

Elected national assembly

1906

Question 664

How did the urban population increase from 1867-1917? Approximately how much of the population were factory workers?

Answer 664

7 to 28 million

10%

Question 665

What did the urban working class suffer from? What rates were high?

Answer 665

Appalling working and living conditions

Mortality rates

Question 666

Where did some of the urban working class rent rooms? Where else were they accommodated?

Answer 666

Overcrowded blocks

Barracks

Question 667

How many rented houses in St Petersburg had no running water? How was sewage collected?

Answer 667

40%

Handcarts

Question 668

What could employers do due to limited regulation? What did this fail to keep pace with?

Answer 668

Pay minimum wage

Inflation

Question 669

By 1914, how much of the workforce was compromised by women?

Answer 669

20%

Question 670

When did an industrial depression hit?

Answer 670

1900-1908

Question 671

What was officially banned before 1905? How did some strikes take place?

Answer 671

Strikes

Illegally and violently

Question 672

What 2 provisions were improved by 1914? What did every change lead to?

Answer 672

Education and social welfare

More demand for change

Question 673

What law was introduced in 1885 which restricted work?

Answer 673

Night-time work was only allowed for men

Question 674

What legal document had to be drawn up by law in 1886?

Answer 674

Contracts of employment

Question 675

What employment law was introduced in 1892?

Answer 675

Employment of under 12s and females in labour was banned

Question 676

How were working hours reduced by a law in 1897?

Answer 676

Working hours were reduced to 11.5

Question 677

What inspection was expanded by law in 1903?

Answer 677

Factory inspectorate

Question 678

What unions were made legal by 1905?

Answer 678

Trade unions

Question 679

What insurance for workers was introduced as a law in 1912?

Answer 679

Sickness and accident insurance

Question 680

How were factory hours legally reduced in 1914?

Answer 680

Reduced to 10 hours per day

Question 681

What declined in the years 1910-13? What 2 reasons led to this?

Answer 681

Real wages

Inflation/employers

Question 682

What miners in 1912 went on strike? Why?

Answer 682

Lena goldfield miners in Siberia

Long hours and poor pay

Question 683

What did the Lena strikers demand? How many were killed by the army?

Answer 683

Better pay and living conditions

500

Question 684

How many strikes took place alongside Lena in Russia in 1912? How many in 1913?

Answer 684

2,000

24,000

Question 685

How many strikes took place in 1914? What took place in July 1914?

Answer 685

Over a million

General strike at St Petersburg

Question 686

What does Historian Edward Acton say about unused land?

Answer 686

“Unused land was brought under cultivation”

Question 687

At what level did peasants continue to live? What event from 1891-92 caused this?

Answer 687

Substience level

Great Famine

Question 688

How much per acre was grain output in Russia compared to Britain and Germany?

Answer 688

1/3

Question 689

What were peasants driven hard to produce? What were they forced to pay?

Answer 689

Surplus for export

High taxes

Question 690

What population made living conditions worse? Who were holdings divided by?

Answer 690

Rural population

Sons and the amount of land families had

Question 691

Who could Kulaks afford to employ? What gulf widened in society?

Answer 691

Labour

Kulaks and labourers

Question 692

Whose mortality rates were high? What did they have limited access to?

Answer 692

Peasants

Doctors

Question 693

What standards varied in Russia? Where was there prosperity?

Answer 693

Living standards

Ukraine

Question 694

Where were backward farming methods still favoured? Whose support mostly came from there?

Answer 694

Central Russia

Bolsheviks

Question 695

How much of nobility land was transferred to peasants and dwellers from 1861-1914? What 2 things did most nobles retain?

Answer 695

1/3

Wealth and position in government

Question 696

Who emerged as industrialisation gained pace? What did many of them serve on?

Answer 696

Middle class
Zemstva

Question 697

What did the Orthodox Church have close ties with? What did the Tsar allegedly rule by?

Answer 697

Tsarism

“Divine right”

Question 698

What did the Orthodox Church exercise sway over? What did this benefit?

Answer 698

Superstitious peasantry

Tsarist regime

Question 699

Who had close ties to the village? What were they expected to do?

Answer 699

Priests

Read out decrees

Question 700

What controls did the Church exercise? What would the courts hand down punishments for?

Answer 700

Censorship

Social/moral crimes

Question 701

Under which Tsar did the Church have increased control over primary education? What became a crime in terms of Orthodox loyalty?

Answer 701

Alexander III

You couldn’t convert to another faith

Question 702

Who did the Church have less hold of in the cities? What type of ideas had more appeal?

Answer 702

Growing working class
Socialism

Question 703

What development brought new opportunities for women? What provision was expanded?

Answer 703

Economic

Education

Question 704

What percentage of children were in primary school by 1914? Between what ages?

Answer 704

45%

8-11

Question 705

What flourished at the end of censorship? When did censorship end?

Answer 705

Popular press

1905

Question 706

What novels were cheaply produced for the newly literate?

Answer 706

Tolstoy and Dostoevsky

Question 707

What had Russian culture embraced by 1914?

Answer 707

More than the elite

Question 708

What 2 things did millions of people remain respectful to even after cultural changes?

Answer 708

Autocracy and Orthodox Church

Question 709

What did millions go out on the streets for in 1913?

Answer 709

300th anniversary of Romanov dynasty

Question 710

What did industrial and educational expansion produce? What did they seek?

Answer 710

Middle class
Liberal change

Question 711

Where did support for the middle class come from? Who were they joined by?

Answer 711

Professional groups

Liberal Nobility

Question 712

What were 2 Liberal priorities?

Answer 712

Civil rights and a State Duma

Question 713

Who was strongly represented in the Zemstva? What were they highly critical of?

Answer 713

Liberals/Professionals

Autocracy

Question 714

What was introduced in 1889 that caused further opposition? How was it fuelled?

Answer 714

Land Captains

Overruling Zemstva decisions

Question 715

What event exemplified Tsarist incompetence?

Answer 715

Great Famine

Question 716

What was dismissed as a “senseless dream” in 1895? Whose idea was this?

Answer 716

National Duma

Zemstvo of Tver

Question 717

What organisation was banned in 1896?

Answer 717

“All-Zemstva Organisation”

Question 718

Who helped popularise political changes? Who is an example of this?

Answer 718

Liberal intellectuals

Tolstoy

Question 719

What was legalised in 1900? Who was given permission to legalise this?

Answer 719

Trade unions

S.V. Zubatov - Head of Moscow Ohkrana

Question 720

When was Zubatov’s permission revoked? Why?

Answer 720

1903

Trade unions attempted a general strike

Question 721

When was the first liberal opposition group formed? What was it called?

Answer 721

1899

Beseda

Question 722

What did Beseda merge with in 1903? Who led them?

Answer 722

Union of Liberation

Peter Struve

Question 723

What was Struve formerly? What did he oppose?

Answer 723

Marxist

Violent revolution

Question 724

What did Struve want Tsarism to become?

Answer 724

A constitutional monarchy

Question 725

How many banquets were held over winter 1904? Why?

Answer 725

50

To spread the union’s message

Question 726

What did liberal opposition have before 1905? What 2 things were they won over by?

Answer 726

Limited political influence

October Manifesto and Duma

Question 727

Who was the liberal opposition largely represented by? What did they believe in?

Answer 727

Kadets

Constitutional Democracy

Question 728

Who did liberals try to co-operate with? What were they increasingly frustrated by?

Answer 728

Tsarist government

Intransigence of the Tsarist regime

Question 729

Who was arrested after the first Duma dissolved in 1906? What was reduced in size after the second Duma dissolved in 1907?

Answer 729

Kadet leaders

Electorate

Question 730

What did the Tsar increasingly ignore to pass laws? What was there little semblance to by 1914?

Answer 730

Dumas

Constitutional Monarchy

Question 731

What ideology seemed far off in Russia by 1894? What did the Great Famine revive?

Answer 731

Marxism

Rural socialism

Question 732

When were the SRs established? What 2 ideologies did it combine?

Answer 732

1901

Marxism and Populism

Question 733

Who edited the SRs journal? What was it called?

Answer 733

Chernov

Revolutionary Russia

Question 734

How many political assassinations did the SRs carry out from 1901-05? What key figure was assassinated in 1911?

Answer 734

2,000

Stolypin

Question 735

How many SRs were executed from 1901-11?

Answer 735

2,000

Question 736

What ideology gained more support as industrialisation increased?

Answer 736

Marxism

Question 737

Who established the first Marxist association in 1883? What was it called?

Answer 737

Plekhanov

“Emancipation of Labour”

Question 738

What did Emancipation of Labour smuggle into Russia? What did this encourage?

Answer 738

Marxist literature

The overthrow of Tsarism

Question 739

What key figure did Marxism attract in 1901? Why was he attracted to Marxism?

Answer 739

Ulyanov - Lenin

He was a St Petersburg Law student

Question 740

Where was Lenin exiled to in 1895? When was he released?

Answer 740

Siberia

1900

Question 741

When were the SDs founded? What was elected three-man?

Answer 741

1898

Central Committee

Question 742

What 2 things did Lenin write to SDs while exiled in Switzerland?

Answer 742

Iskra - “the spark”

What is to be done? - pamphlet

Question 743

Whose disagreements split ranks in 1903?

Answer 743

Lenin and Martov

Question 744

Whose followers became Bolsheviks? Whose followers became Mensheviks?

Answer 744

Lenin’s

Martov’s

Question 745

What kind of party did the Bolsheviks want? Who did they want?

Answer 745

Small and disciplined party

Professional revolutionaries

Question 746

What kind of party did the Mensheviks want?

Answer 746

Democratic and open

Question 747

Who did the Bolsheviks refuse to work with? Who did this juxtapose?

Answer 747

Other parties and trade unions

Mensheviks

Question 748

What did the Bolsheviks believe about the bourgeois and proletarian revolutions? What did the Mensheviks believe?

Answer 748

They could occur simultaneously

Proletarian revolution should take place first

Question 749

What did SRs and SDs both reject? What did they call for?

Answer 749

The October Manifesto

General strike

Question 750

Who organised the General Strike? When did it take place?

Answer 750

St Petersburg Soviet

November 1905

Question 751

Who had no clear leader post-1905? Who was exiled to Siberia?

Answer 751

Radical opposition

Trotsky

Question 752

Where did Lenin flee to after 1905?

Answer 752

Finland

Question 753

What did the government still fear after 1905? What from specifically?

Answer 753

Opposition

Trade unions

Question 754

What did the government fail to pacify? Until what date was Tsarism not in grave danger?

Answer 754

Working-class discontent
1914

Question 755

What does Historian Edward Acton state about Marxism in the 1890s?

Answer 755

“Marxism caught on among young radicals with remarkable speed”

Question 756

What date did Germany declare war on Russia? What surged Russia?

Answer 756

19/07/14

Patriotism

Question 757

What credits did the Duma vote for? What ceased?

Answer 757

War credits

Strikes

Question 758

What Union was created in 1914? What 2 things was it created for?

Answer 758

An All-Russian Zemstvo Union

Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers

Question 759

Who was President of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union? What class was he?

Answer 759

Prince Lvov

Kadet

Question 760

What was St Petersburg renamed as in August 1914? Why?

Answer 760

Petrograd

To sound less German

Question 761

What did the country divide into? What authority was suspended?

Answer 761

Military zones

Civilian authority

Question 762

What invasion in August 1914 met strong German resistance?

Answer 762

East Prussia

Question 763

What battle took place in August 1914? How many Russian soldiers died?

Answer 763

Battle of Tannenburg

300,000

Question 764

What battle took place in September 1914?

Answer 764

Battle of Masurian Lakes

Question 765

Where did 2 Russian retreats take place? What reports soon came out after?

Answer 765

Germany and Austria

Lack of raw materials

Question 766

What did the Zemstva resent? Why?

Answer 766

Loss of authority

They were doing more medical relief than the government

Question 767

What industries assumed responsibility for supplies in the absence of Tsarist action? What did this encourage?

Answer 767

Local and national industries

Political ambitions

Question 768

What did the Zemstva and Duma accuse the government of?

Answer 768

Incompetence

Question 769

What did the Duma form in August 1915? What did they demand?

Answer 769

Progressive bloc

A constitutional monarchy

Question 770

What role did the Tsar take over in August 1915? What did he lack?

Answer 770

Commander-in-chief

Military experience

Question 771

How many men were mobilised by the government between 1914-17? What weren’t they provided with?

Answer 771

15 million

Appropriate equipment

Question 772

What offensive was Nicholas II held responsible for? When did this take place?

Answer 772

Brusilov offensive

June-August 1916

Question 773

What 2 things contributed to the Brusilov defeat?

Answer 773

Lack of trained officers

Small railway network

Question 774

Which 2 outsiders had influence over appointments in Russia? Why was this?

Answer 774

Alexandra and Rasputin

Nicholas’ absence

Question 775

What rumours spread about Alexandra and Rasputin?

Answer 775

They were sabotaging the Russian war effort

Question 776

Who was Rodzianko? What did he warn Nicholas II about?

Answer 776

4th Duma President

The rumours about Rasputin and Alexandra

Question 777

Who assassinated Rasputin? When was he assassinated?

Answer 777

Prince Yusupov

December 1916

Question 778

How much did costs rise in Russia between 1914-18?

Answer 778

1.5m roubles to 14.5m roubles

Question 779

Why did production slump in Russia?

Answer 779

Conscription

Question 780

Why was industrial capacity lost? In what 2 areas did trade end following naval blockades?

Answer 780

Germans overran Western Europe

Baltic/Black Sea trades

Question 781

Why was distribution of war goods an issue? What was this disrupted by?

Answer 781

Small railway network

Fuel shortage

Question 782

Who were railways prioritised to? What did this mean for civilians?

Answer 782

The military

Food would rot before it got to them

Question 783

Why was hoarding grain ineffective? What did workers suffer from?

Answer 783

There was nothing to buy after the war

Unemployment

Question 784

Why did non-military factories close?

Answer 784

Lack of raw materials

Question 785

How much did living rates increase in Petrograd? What escalated in Petrograd?

Answer 785

300%

Strikes

Question 786

What does Historian Edward Acton say about social tension?

Answer 786

“Political developments directly reflected mounting social tension”

Question 787

What 2 factors produced a workers’ revolution in winter 1917? Where did it take place?

Answer 787

Starvation and desperation

Petrograd

Question 788

How many workers demonstrated in Petrograd on the 9th January 1917? What anniversary was this?

Answer 788

150,000

12 years since Bloody Sunday

Question 789

How many workers were on strike on Valentine’s Day 1917? What did the Duma demand?

Answer 789

100,000 from 58 factories

Tsar abdication

Question 790

What news was delivered on 19th February 1917? What 2 things did this cause?

Answer 790

Rationing began in March

Panic buying and violence

Question 791

How many workers went on strike from Putilov from the 22nd February 1917?

Answer 791

20,000

Question 792

What march was swelled by other events on 23rd February 1917? How many people called for bread and reform?

Answer 792

International Women’s Day march

200,000

Question 793

What grew more menacing from 24th-25th February 1917? Why?

Answer 793

Demonstrations

Increasing calls for Tsarism overthrow

Question 794

What did Nicholas II order the use of on 26th February 1917? What did he order to close?

Answer 794

Troops

Duma

Question 795

What group joined protestors on the 27th February 1917? What Soviet was created?

Answer 795

Petrograd garrison

Petrograd Soviet

Question 796

Where did Nicholas II leave to head to Petrograd on the 28th February 1917? Who was arrested under the newly established Provisional Committee?

Answer 796

Military HQ

Ministers

Question 797

What new Order did the Petrograd Soviet issue on the 28th February 1917? What did this proclaim?

Answer 797

Order #1

Soviet authority

Question 798

What did the Duma and Soviet agree to support the creation of on the 1st March 1917?

Answer 798

Provisional Government

Question 799

Who did the Tsar abdicate in favour of on the 2nd March 1917? Who was he encouraged by?

Answer 799

His brother - Grand Duke Mikhail

Ministers and generals

Question 800

What 2 groups were left in charge after Mikhail refused the throne on the 3rd March 1917? Who was placed under house arrest?

Answer 800

Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet

Tsar and his family

Question 801

Who were the Tsar and his family murdered by in July 1918?

Answer 801

Bolsheviks

Question 802

What happened after the Tsar’s abdication? Who was in charge?

Answer 802

Russia was left with two sets of authorities

Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet

Question 803

What did the Soviet agree to temporarily? What was drawn up that changed this?

Answer 803

Provisional Government’s authority

Constituent assembly

Question 804

What was the arrangement of the constituent assembly also known as?

Answer 804

Dual power

Question 805

Who became Prime Minister of the Provisional Government? What 2 main groups did the government compromise of?

Answer 805

Prince Lvov

Octobrists and Kadets

Question 806

Who was the only socialist of the Provisional Government? What executive Soviet committee did he previously sit on?

Answer 806

Kerensky

Petrograd Soviet

Question 807

What did the Petrograd Soviet compromise of? What did the Soviet act as?

Answer 807

Radicals

A “guardian” of rights

Question 808

What liberties did the Provisional Government and Soviet accept? What did they create for political prisoners?

Answer 808

Civil liberties

Amnesties

Question 809

What punishment, along with exile, did the Provisional Government and Soviet abolish? Who did they appoint to the judiciary?

Answer 809

Capital punishment

Independent judges

Question 810

Why did the Provisional Government and Soviet often conflict? What was an example of this?

Answer 810

Views on different issues

War

Question 811

What did the Provisional Government continue to fight in? What did this lead to?

Answer 811

The Great War

Mass demonstrations

Question 812

What did countryside peasants seize during the War? What were food supplies like in cities?

Answer 812

Land

Chaotic

Question 813

What type of wages fell in cities? What rose as a result?

Answer 813

Real wages

Prices

Question 814

How much support was left for the Provisional Government by the summer of 1917?

Answer 814

Little

Question 815

What does Historian John Gooding say the overthrow of Tsarism was largely the work of?

Answer 815

“The overthrow of Tsarism was largely the work of unorganised masses in cities”

Question 816

Where did Lenin return from after being exiled in April 1917? What famous speech did he give when he returned?

Answer 816

Switzerland

The April Theses

Question 817

What did Lenin demand about power in the April Theses? What did he want to end?

Answer 817

All power is given to the Soviet

War

Question 818

Who did Lenin want land for? What was he accepting about Russia?

Answer 818

Peasants

Peasants were wanted to rule Russia

Question 819

Who did the April Theses unite with Lenin? What Committee did he manage to win over?

Answer 819

Bolsheviks

Central Committee

Question 820

Who did Lenin believe in non-co-operation with?

Answer 820

Provisional Government

Question 821

Who joined Lenin in July 1917? When did he return from exile?

Answer 821

Trotsky

May

Question 822

What threatened to undermine Lenin’s efforts in July? Who did this event attract?

Answer 822

Uprisings

Bolsheviks

Question 823

Who did the Provisional Government use to break up the protests in July? What happened to several prominent Bolshevik leaders?

Answer 823

Troops

They were arrested

Question 824

What key figure was arrested along the Bolsheviks in July 1917? Who fled to Finland?

Answer 824

Trotsky

Lenin

Question 825

Who became PM in July 1917? Who became commander-in-chief?

Answer 825

Kerensky

General Lavr Kornilov

Question 826

What did Kornilov believe he could restore? Who did he prepare to bring?

Answer 826

Strong government

Troops from Petrograd

Question 827

Who opposed Kornilov’s “coup”? When did the “coup” take place?

Answer 827

Kerensky

25th-30th August 1917

Question 828

Who did Kornilov ask to help defend the city during the “coup”? Who else was given weaponry?

Answer 828

Petrograd Soviet

Bolsheviks

Question 829

Who halted trains carrying troops? Who had Kornilov arrested?

Answer 829

Railway workers

Kerensky

Question 830

Whose support increased following the Kornilov Affair? Whose position did it weaken?

Answer 830

Bolsheviks

Kerensky’s

Question 831

Who refused compromise with the PG? Who did they grow at the expense of?

Answer 831

Bolsheviks

Mensheviks and SRs

Question 832

What did SRs and Mensheviks urge in Russia? Who did they work with?

Answer 832

Unity

PG

Question 833

In what 2 Soviets did Bolsheviks get a majority in September 1917? Who became chairman of the second soviet?

Answer 833

Moscow and Petrograd

Trotsky

Question 834

How many Bolsheviks were there in October 1917? How many Red Guards?

Answer 834

200,000

10,000

Question 835

What did Lenin urge from Finland? What were the Bolshevik Central Committee reluctant to do?

Answer 835

Seizure of power

Lead an uprising against the PG

Question 836

What was needed for the Bolshevik Central Committee to lead an uprising?

Answer 836

A mandate from an assembly

Question 837

Who returned secretly to Petrograd on the 7th October 1917? What did Kerensky order on the same day?

Answer 837

Lenin

Radical troops left Petrograd

Question 838

What did the PS set up on the 9th October 1917? Who set this up?

Answer 838

Military Revolutionary Committee

Trotsky

Question 839

What did the Military Revolutionary Committee claim responsibility for?

Answer 839

Defence of Petrograd

Question 840

What vote did Lenin win on the 10th October 1917? What did he want replaced?

Answer 840

An “armed uprising”

The PG with the PS

Question 841

How many Red Guards and Kronstadt sailors seized Petrograd between the 24th-25th October 1917? Who fled Petrograd?

Answer 841

8,000

Kerensky

Question 842

Who broke into the Winter Palace on the 26th October 1917? Who was arrested?

Answer 842

Red Guards and civilians

Remaining PG members

Question 843

What does Historian Edward Acton state about the 1917 Revolution?

Answer 843

“The 1917 Revolution was the product of popular revolt against oppression”

Question 844

What does Historian Richard Pipes state about what Russia experienced that led to a bring down of the Tsarist regime?

Answer 844

“Russia experienced a revolution that brought down Tsarism”

Question 845

What did Lenin announce on the 25th October 1917? What Congress was introduced?

Answer 845

Seizure of power

All-Russian Congress of Soviets

Question 846

Who met on the 26th October 1917? Who did they meet with to end the “coup”?

Answer 846

Congress of Soviets

Socialists

Question 847

Who was left in control after Mensheviks and SRs left?

Answer 847

Bolsheviks and extreme SRs

Question 848

What did Lenin establish a political government of? What were they known as collectively?

Answer 848

Political commissars

Sovnarkom

Question 849

What role did Trotsky play in Sovnarkom?

Answer 849

Commissar of Foreign Affairs

Question 850

How could Commissars rule by? What reference wasn’t needed?

Answer 850

Without decree

Soviet reference

Question 851

What was Sovnarkom made up of primarily?

Answer 851

Bolsheviks

Question 852

What did The Decree on Peace call for?

Answer 852

End to war

Question 853

What did The Decree on Land call for?

Answer 853

Land to be property of the people

Question 854

What did The Decree on Workers’ Control call for?

Answer 854

Workers to have factory control

Question 855

What was abolished under Sovnarkom?

Answer 855

Titles and Ranks

Question 856

What 2 things were nationalised under Sovnarkom?

Answer 856

Banks and Churches

Question 857

How did early Bolshevik decrees seem in society? Which decree was especially popular?

Answer 857

Popular

Decree on Land

Question 858

What did the Decree on Land help peasants do?

Answer 858

Win peasant support from SRs

Question 859

What was most of Russia outside control of? What did the people call out for from Bolsheviks?

Answer 859

Bolsheviks control

New government

Question 860

What was the “new government” from the Bolsheviks meant to represent? What did Lenin prefer?

Answer 860

Socialism

One-party rule

Question 861

What type of warfare was encouraged? What campaign began?

Answer 861

Class warfare

Burzhui (anti-communism)

Question 862

What type of newspapers were closed?

Answer 862

Anti-Bolshevik papers

Question 863

What happened to many civil servants? Who replaced them?

Answer 863

Dismissed

Bolsheviks

Question 864

What was established in December 1917? What was this?

Answer 864

Cheka

Bolshevik secret police

Question 865

What 3 right-wing groups were arrested under Lenin?

Answer 865

SRs
Kadets
Mensheviks

Question 866

What did Bolshevik opponents centre on? Why did Lenin allow the election?

Answer 866

Constituent Assembly

Fear of opposition

Question 867

Who won most of the seats in the 1918 election? Who did this shock?

Answer 867

SRs

Lenin

Question 868

What did Lenin announce about the new assembly post-election?

Answer 868

The new assembly would be a bourgeoisie democracy

Question 869

When did the bourgeoisie democracy meet for the first time? What did Lenin decide?

Answer 869

5th January 1918

Bolsheviks would rule on behalf of the proletariats

Question 870

What does Historian Sheila Fitzpatrick suggest about the Bolsheviks’ one-party rule?

Answer 870

“One-party rule emerged as a historical accident”