ethnic identities

Question 1

define race

Answer 1

perceived biological or physical differences between groups, eg skin colour

Question 2

define ethnicity

Answer 2

cultural differences between groups
-eg, food, language, clothes, country of origin, norms, values, music

Question 3

define ethnic group

Answer 3

a group with the same ethnic background

Question 4

define ethnic minority group

Answer 4

a group of the same ethnic background residing in a country where they are the minority ethnicity

Question 5

define nationality

Answer 5

country of origin or country where you are legally entitled to reside in

Question 6

define racism

Answer 6

discrimination on the grounds of race/ ethnicity/ nationality

Question 7

define institutional racism

Answer 7

when an organization operates in a way that unconsciously discriminates

Question 8

define migration

Answer 8

moving from one country to another

Question 9

define emigration

Answer 9

moving out of a country

Question 10

define immigration

Answer 10

moving into a country

Question 11

what are some push factors associated with immigration?

Answer 11

poverty, war, poor education, corrupt government, famine, natural disasters, religious persecution

Question 12

what are some pull factors associated with immigration?

Answer 12

fairer wages, free healthcare, climate, security, marriage opportunities, education, family ties

Question 13

what did cashmore and tronya conclude?

Answer 13

-immigrants faced open hostility and discrimination within labour markets
-resulted in ‘turning inwards’
-this resulted in union between all black groups, regardless of ethnic background

Question 14

define ‘turning inwards’

Answer 14

finding support from within their own communities against discrimination

Question 15

what did ghuman suggest about the family?

Answer 15

-that asian parents brought their children up with a set of norms and values different to those of western culture
-eg respecting their elders, learning mother tongue, aversions to premarital sex

Question 16

what did anwar suggest about the family?

Answer 16

-suggests that family can be a source of conflict for some asian children living in wetsern societies because they are surrounded by different sets of norms and values

Question 17

define immigrant

Answer 17

someone who has permanently moved from one country to another

Question 18

define first/ second/ third generation immigrants

Answer 18

-1st: those who have moved to a new countries themselves
-2nd: their children
-3rd: their grandchildren

Question 19

define asylum seeker

Answer 19

someone who seeks refuge in a country other than their own for a temporary period of time

Question 20

define illegal immigrant

Answer 20

someone who is not legally entitled to live in the country which they have immigrated to

Question 21

define assimilation/ integration

Answer 21

-when an ethnic minority group adopt the norms and values of the majority group surrounding them
-this can lead to multiculturalism

Question 22

define cultural resistance

Answer 22

when ethnic minority group members unify in order to resist against racism

Question 23

what did butler identify in muslim women living in the uk?

Answer 23

-2nd gen muslims can feel inner conflict between their asian background and british surroundings
-the family put pressure on to women and girls as it is their perceived responsibility to raise the next generation
-these asian girls blamed traditional values of their countries of origin, not their religion (islam)

Question 24

what did driver and ballard say about education/ ethnic families?

Answer 24

-that asian parents place greater value on academic achievement
-on average, indian pupils received higher grades than their black/white counterparts

Question 25

what did archer and francis say about education/ ethnic families?

Answer 25

-cultural factors are important in regards to british-chinese student success -academic achievement is important to identity -parents took a stronger role in ensuring academic success

Question 26

what did coard say in relation to education/ ethnicity

Answer 26

-argues that the british curriculum is ethnocentric (focusing on british culture) -eg holidays given (christmas/ easter, christianity) -subjects cover ethnocentric things, eg history on british past, english on british literature

Question 27

what did gillborn say about how an ethnocentric curriculum can negatively impact black students?

Answer 27

-black students are negatively stereotyped in education, leading to them receiving less support and guidance -this can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 28

what did alexander say about ethnic minorities in the media?

Answer 28

-saw that asian teenagers in east london are negatively stereotyped by the media -'myth of asian gang' whereby the media exaggerates black/asian gang violence -islamaphobia can be found at the root of this

Question 29

define islamaphobia

Answer 29

discrimination towards those who identify as islamic

Question 30

what did tony sewell discover in 2004 about afrocaribbean males in the media?

Answer 30

-they follow 'hyper masculine' role models -curates an identity associated with gangs in order to achieve status

Question 31

what term did gill coin about how mixed race youths label themselves?

Answer 31

blasian- black/ asian brasian- british/ asian

Question 32

what is nayak referring to with her 2003 term 'white wannabes'

Answer 32

white working class youths who try to emulate black culture

Question 33

what is the basis for nationality?

Answer 33

shared langage/ history/ ethnic backgrounds/ territory

Question 34

what are some examples of symbols of national identity?

Answer 34

flag, tradtional wear or food, sports teams, national anthems, rituals

Question 35

outline the idea of nationality as a social construct

Answer 35

symbols of nationality form an 'imagined community', since members will not all know each other

Question 36

what did philip et al 1998 say about education?

Answer 36

-argues that the national curriculum supports ideologies of nationalism, and are a key factor in creating a national identity -teaching of national events in schools leads to a shared conscious, creating a national community

Question 37

what did schuden point out in 1994 about british socialisation?

Answer 37

english, irish, scottish and welsh develop a shared sense of nationality despite being different territories

Question 38

what did kumar point out in 2003 about national identity?

Answer 38

-argues that nationalism is overrided by multiculturalism

Question 39

define globalisation

Answer 39

the process of which the world becoming politically, socially and economically inter-connected

Question 40

define multiculturalism

Answer 40

a society which is made up of multiple different ethnic groups and cultures

Question 41

define hybrid identity

Answer 41

refers to the mixing of 2 or more cultures within one individual identity

Question 42

jacobson on pakistanti youth

Answer 42

Many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society as a (defensive identity)

Question 43

les black

Answer 43

studied a housing estate in south London and found that white black and Asian youths were all friends they spoke the same slang and wore the same clothes

Question 44

derrington and kendall on traveller community

Answer 44

researched a traveller camp and found some people were proud of their ethnicity and some tried to hide it for protection, racism and social approvment

Question 45

johal on asian youth

Answer 45

describes how Asian youths adopt a "White mask" so that they can fit in with white people at school and college but they can show they are culturally different when necessary.

Question 46

alcock on ethnic minority exclusion

Answer 46

they experience material deprivation leading to social exclusion

Question 47

johal on brasians

Answer 47

dual identities- brasians have a number of identities depending on who they're with

Question 48

mason on education

Answer 48

schools are ethnocentric and only focus on British culture

Question 49

hewitt on white prejudice

Answer 49

A white British ethnic identity has been strongly established due to white backlash on multiculturalism.

Question 50

anderson on nationality

Answer 50

A nation is an 'imagined community', where most members will never meet each other, and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols like flags and anthems, as well as rituals like national holidays.