gender identities

Question 1

femininity definition

Answer 1

characteristics associated with being a female

Question 2

masculinity definition

Answer 2

characteristics associated with being a male

Question 3

sex definition

Answer 3

biological differences between men and women

Question 4

gender definition

Answer 4

sociological differences between men and women

Question 5

hegemonic femininity

Answer 5

dominant/ traditional styles of femininity

Question 6

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 6

dominant/ traditional styles of masculinity

Question 7

what tribes did margaret mead study?

Answer 7

arapesh, mundagamor, tchambuli

Question 8

what were the arapesh gender roles like?

Answer 8

no specific distinction between men and women, responsibility is shared between them

Question 9

what were the mundagamor gender roles like?

Answer 9

men were aggressive and uninclined to marriage and paternity

Question 10

what were the tchambuli gender roles like?

Answer 10

matriarchy: woman were more assertive than men

Question 11

how did freeman criticise mead?

Answer 11

suggested that mead was misled by participants, and that perhaps they told her what she wanted to hear

Question 12

how did murdock support mead?

Answer 12

suggested some activities eg hunting are universally allocated to one gender more (men)

Question 13

social constructionism definition

Answer 13

when something is defined by sociological processes rather than biological or inherent processes

Question 14

biological determinism definition

Answer 14

when something is defined by biological/ genetic processes

Question 15

what did wilson say about gender roles?

Answer 15

that in order to reproduce successfully, men are naturally more promiscuous and women more nurturing

Question 16

what terms did parsons come up with about gender roles?

Answer 16

instrumental role/ expressive role

Question 17

instrumental role definition

Answer 17

men as breadwinners and providers

Question 18

expressive role definition

Answer 18

women as carers of the home and children

Question 19

what did oakley suggest the reason of womens lower status in the labour market to be?

Answer 19

social conditioning in order to maintain traditional gender roles of women in the home

Question 20

what do feminists say is the key of maintaining traditional gender roles?

Answer 20

socialisation

Question 21

what 4 ways did oakley say the family enforces gender roles by?

Answer 21

manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, different activities

Question 22

manipulation (oakleys study) definition

Answer 22

encouraging or discouraging gender specific behaviour

Question 23

canalisation definition

Answer 23

parents directing childrens interests into certain toys and play

Question 24

verbal appellations definition

Answer 24

parents using stereotypical descriptions of their children (eg girls as pretty or boys as strong)

Question 25

what term did mcrobbie coin?

Answer 25

'bedroom culture'

Question 26

bedroom culture definition

Answer 26

describes the way girls spend their leisure time in their bedrooms with other girls

Question 27

what did mcrobbie find in her study?

Answer 27

boys were given more freedom to play outside whereas girls were kept at home more

Question 28

how did lincoln update mcrobbies research?

Answer 28

1990 mancunian girls study. found that bedroom culture still existed, but the internet and boyfriends were let in

Question 29

what did billington say about women in the media?

Answer 29

that men are dominant and woman are subordinate

Question 30

what did nakuamara say about women in the media?

Answer 30

stated that although women are harmfully stereotyped in the media, they use it as a forum of support against discrimination

Question 31

what did fergusons study of womens magazines conclude?

Answer 31

that womens magazines were centred around a 'cult of femininity'

Question 32

content analysis definition

Answer 32

a method used by sociologists to research the media by counting the amount of reoccurring themes

Question 33

what was the 1997 study by willis called?

Answer 33

learning to labour

Question 34

how was 'learning to labour' successful?

Answer 34

high in validity and an interpretivist approach

Question 35

how long did willis spend on his study?

Answer 35

18 months observing the boys in school, and a further 6 months observing the boys at work

Question 36

what was the aim question to answer of the willis study?

Answer 36

'why working class kids get working class jobs'

Question 37

what did willis observe of the boys at school?

Answer 37

-no interest in learning -aimed to do as little work but have as much fun as possible -the working class boys saw education as something for middle class

Question 38

what were some issues with the 'learning to labour' study?

Answer 38

-time consuming. 2 years of observing -hard to repeat

Question 39

what is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 39

things that are taught and learnt in school aside from the national curriculum eg punctuality/ stereotypes

Question 40

what is the national curriculum?

Answer 40

core subjects to be studied, controlled by the state eg maths/ english

Question 41

what did skelton argue?

Answer 41

that the hidden curriculum is responsible for gender differences within subject choices

Question 42

what do feminists say about the hidden curriculum?

Answer 42

that it is patriarchal

Question 43

what 3 things did colley argue affected school subject choice between boys and girls?

Answer 43

-perception of gender roles -subject preferences -learning environment

Question 44

define blue collar jobs

Answer 44

manual labour jobs typically associated with working class males, that receive an hourly wage

Question 45

what did mac an ghaill say that men are currently facing?

Answer 45

'a crisis of masculinity'

Question 46

define 'crisis of masculinity'

Answer 46

men who have lost manual labour jobs due to deindustrialisation that they associate with masculinity are unprepared for a traditional workplace, which they associate with femininity.

Question 47

define horizontal segregation

Answer 47

where a work field is predominantly almost one gender

Question 48

define vertical segregation

Answer 48

where opportunities are limited for one gender within a work field

Question 49

what did adkins study and conclude in 1995?

Answer 49

-looked at employment within theme parks -suggested job roles were allocated to one gender -attractive females worked in bars -males worked as ride operators

Question 50

what do postmodernists say about gender identities?

Answer 50

society is reliant on choice and diversity, not on strict gender roles

Question 51

define complicit masculinity

Answer 51

men who believe that men and women should share roles within a family

Question 52

define marginalised masculinity

Answer 52

a masculine identity held by men who lost their traditionally masculine jobs

Question 53

what type of masculinity did tony sewell identify?

Answer 53

'hyper-masculinity', displayed in afro-caribbean males as a response to racism

Question 54

define matriarchal

Answer 54

female dominating environment, eg a home without a father figure

Question 55

what did mort state about masculinity?

Answer 55

that the levis advert was the first time men were sexualised in the media

Question 56

define ladette behaviour

Answer 56

swearing, talking loudly and acting obnoxiously. related to the attempt to emulate male behaviour

Question 57

Adler et al about gendered peer groups

Answer 57

-found the popularity of boys depended on achieved characteristics such as athleticism -popularity of girls depended more on ascribed characteristics such as physical appearance

Question 58

elliot on patriarchy in religion

Answer 58

'The Bible itself is a handbook for the subjugation of women. But then the Bible, like religion, was created by men for men, and has been used ever since its inception as a tool to keep women in their place.'​

Question 59

miller and church on education gendered expectations

Answer 59

Teachers reinforce gender stereotypes within the classroom, they expect boys to be noisier than girls, so are more likely to punish a noisy girl than a noisy boy.

Question 60

johnson on gendered media

Answer 60

-Gender identity is reinforced through television advertising. -Adverts aimed at girls focused on attractiveness, emotion and being nurturing. -Adverts aimed at boys focused on competition, control and destruction.

Question 61

orbach on beauty standards

Answer 61

Media perpetuates the idea that slimness equals popularity, happiness and success.

Question 62

wilkinson on new female identity in the workplace

Answer 62

-Changes in economy have led to the feminisation of labour and the emergence of a feminine identity that is capable, successful and professional, liberation from their domestic roles

Question 63

keihly on female gender role emancipation

Answer 63

Women more likely to be assertive and confident. Women gone from having marginal and invisible identities due to their domestic roles, to having active and visible roles in the public spheres of work, leisure and education.