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Sociology: paper 1 > youth subcultures > Flashcards

youth subcultures Flashcards

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1
Q

where did the idea of youth originate from?

A

1950s post ww2 america

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2
Q

what reasons can be given for the creation of youth subcultures?

A

fashion, music, economy, sexual revolution, drugs, rebellion

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3
Q

how is fashion a reason for the creation of youth subcultures?

A

globalized fashion in the media helps create a specific style associated with a youth subculture

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4
Q

how does an increased school-leaving age help the formation of youth subcultures?

A

it means that adolescents enter the work force later, therefore have a longer period to embrace youth without responsibility

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5
Q

how does the economy influence youth subcultures?

A

when the economy is booming, there is more disposable income available to young people to spend on fashion, music etc

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6
Q

subculture definition

A

a culture within a culture. shared norms and values with wider culture but also a few distinct values

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7
Q

what did hebdige say about how subcultures can be identified?

A

members of a subculture often signal their membership by wearing distinctive clothes, footwear and hairstyles

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8
Q

why do subcultures often develop?

A

to go against authority or social norms and values

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9
Q

when did teddy boys first emerge?

A

1950s

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10
Q

how did teddy boys dress?

A

-in second hand clothing of upperclassmen
-edwardian

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11
Q

what social class were teddy boys?

A

middle/ upper middle. affluent

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12
Q

what did jefferson say about teddy boys?

A

saw teddy boys as attempting to buy status

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13
Q

what were the female version of the teddy boy youth subculture?

A

‘judies’

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14
Q

what group cultivated the first british market for teenage leisure?

A

the judies in 1950s

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15
Q

how were the judies recognizable as?

A

-go out in groups to the cinema/ dances
-collect magazines/ records

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16
Q

what social class were judies typically?

A

working class or middle class

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17
Q

how many people in the uk have been a member of a youth subculture at some point?

A

1 in 3 people

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18
Q

name some 1950s youth subculture groups:

A

teddy boys, judies

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19
Q

name some 1960s youth subculture groups:

A

mods, rockers, skinheads

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20
Q

what did media coverage of mods and rockers spark in society?

A

moral panic about british youths

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21
Q

folk devil definition

A

an individual that is perceived to be a bad influence on society eg mods and rockers

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22
Q

moral panic definition

A

societal reaction to exaggerated media that shows oppositions to the norms and values

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23
Q

what traits can be identified in the mods subculture?

A

-motor scooters
-amphetamines and clubbing
-r&b music
-1950s modernist fashion

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24
Q

what traits can be identified in the rockers subculture?

A

-british motorbike group
-rock music
-withdrawal from mainstream into their own lifestyles based off their sport

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25
what traits can be identified in the skinheads subculture?
-classism motivated -anti conservitivism -shaved heads -manual worker clothes, braces, drainpipe trousers, boots -influenced by jamaican music/ culture
26
what social class were skinheads?
working class
27
what country were skinheads influenced by?
jamaican rastafaris
28
what traits can be identified in the hippie subculture?
-aiming for peace, love and freedom -psychadelic drugs use -folk music -celebrating nudity/ nature -rejecting consumerism/ capitalist ideals
29
what did the hippie group provoke people to question?
authority
30
what did the hippie group promote?
peace, love and freedom
31
name some 1970s youth subculture groups:
skinheads, punks, glam rockers, goths
32
how did skinheads gain a bad reputation by the 1970s?
violence at football games and also racially motivated attacks
33
what views did punks focus on?
-anti-establishment views -freedom
34
what music styles did punks listen to?
punk rock, eg sex pistols
35
what traits can be identified in punk subculture?
-punk rock music -rebellion motivated -edgy and outrageous fashion styles -extreme hairstyles or hair colours -piercings
36
what traits can be identified in glam rockers subculture?
-rockpop music -flamboyant and androgynous fashion -glitter, platform shoes, crazy hairstyles -exploration of sexual and gender identities
37
what sorts of music did glam rockers listen to?
combination of rock and pop styles. eg david bowie
38
what traits can be identified in the goth subculture?
-fascination with death -darker colours, neo-victorian fashion, eyeliner -rebelling against oppressive society norms and values
39
name some 1980s youth subculture groups:
new romantics, casuals, soul boys
40
what traits can be identified in the new romantics subculture?
-questioning conventional ideas about identity/ gender -resided in pubs/ nightclubs -eccentric fashion. mix of neoclassical/ glamrock
41
what traits can be identified in the casuals subculture?
-football -hooliganism at games -dressed more elegantly than the working class football fans
42
what is the difference between crime and deviance?
crime is an act which breaks a physical law. a deviance is something that subverts norms and values
42
what adjective did cohen and young use to describe youth subcultures?
spectacular. these subcultures being reffered to are highly visible and flamboyant
42
postmodernist view of subcultures
youth culture is relative and fluid, and is stylized and shaped by media and surroundings
43
hebdige: semiotics
youth subcultures use symbols to resist mainstream culture, eg safety pins for punks
44
thornton on clubbers (90s)
clubbers gained subcultural capital via dressing a certain way and owning records. they were not class-based, gender-based, or closely knit. they were not motivated by resisting mainstream culture
45
(postmodernists) maffesoli/ bennet on neo tribes
subcultures today are pluralistic, relative, and shifting
46
define postmodernist concept 'neo tribe'
groups of people who are loosely associated with a subculture but flow between many
47
(postmodernist) polhemus on 'supermarket of style'
the youth today have access to a 'supermarket of style', appearances can be curated into a fluid identity
48
(postmodernist) malone on hiphop
it is a glocalised hybrid subculture. each community will be influenced by hiphop media and produce their own style of it
49
(postmodernist) gilroy on diasporas
ethnic minority youths blend their original and host's culture. they are flexible and fluid
50
hodkinson and lodge on modern bedroom culture
online journals allow girls to develop a private social space. this is a modernised version of bedroom culture
51
define hegemony
one group having dominating leadership
52
(marxist) hall and jefferson on formation of youth subcultures
resisting the economy (low wages, unemployment etc)
53
hall and jefferson: 2 ways youth resisted bourgeois hegemony
-recovery of territory -clothing and stylization
54
(marxist) clarke on skinheads
skinheads display an exaggerated working class masculinity
55
hebdige on mods and bricolage
bricolage: they dressed in an over-exaggerated neat middle class style to distance themselves from working class roots
56
critiques of marxist perspective on youth
-ignores girls and ethnic minorities -thornton: marxists ignore how the media shapes youth culture -stahl: the oppositional themes of subcultures could be a fabricated idea by the media
57
stahl on youth culture in the media
the oppositional themes of subcultures could be a fabricated idea by the media
58
functionalist perspective on youth culture
the youth need to be integrated into society to avoid anomie
59
define anomie
breaking down of society
60
eisenstadt on youth
youth is a transitory period between childhood and adulthood needed for social integration
61
parsons on youth
youth is a rite of passage, needed to create an achieved identity separate from the ascribed one and smooth the transition to adulthood
62
(functionalist) coleman on youth behaviour
the youth are influenced by their peer group, rather than their family or wider society
63
rozak on generational gap
argued that youth culture promotes a generational gap between youth and older people
64
criticisms of functionalist perspective of youth:
-overly focused on age, ignoring class, gender and ethnicity -ignores differences between distinct youth subcultures
65
feminist critique of marxist and functionalist views on youth
ignore girls in studies and over-represents boys
66
thornton on why females are invisible in youth research
-less disposable income -more social controls upon them from parents -more devoted to academic success
67
who coined the term 'malestream sociology'
heidensohn
68
define malestream sociology
sociological research focusing only on males and done by male sociologists
69
(feminist) reddington on girls in subcultures
argues that they were visible in subcultures, just ignored by male sociologists. eg vivienne westwood in the punk movement
70
mcrobbie and garber on bedroom culture
girls operated via 'bedroom culture', meaning that their culture was in private spaces and invisible to outsiders
71
4 aspects of bedroom culture:
romance, pop music, fashion, personal life
72
(feminist) valentine et al on girls in subcultures
were not able to engage with rougher subcultures involving eg motorbikes due to percieved weakness
73
(feminist) smart on family restricting girls
parents are stricter towards their daughters, meaning that they have limited space to form and participate in subcultures
74
define anti school subculture
a group with shared norms and values which oppose school rules, discipline, and academic success
75
archer and yamashita on hyper-heterosexuality
london school boys who were anti-education in relation to their hyper-heterosexuality
76
archer et al on female cultural capital in school
3 ways they gained cultural capital in school: -glamourous hetero-femininities -heterosexual relationships -ladette behaviour
77
blackman on new wave girls
valued education but were anti-school
78
sewell on black males view of school
education was for females and did not relate to their hyper-masculine identity
79
mirza on 'black sisters' in school
resented institutional racism and combat it with academic success
80
archer on male muslim youth
demonstrated their islamic identities in their peer group despite the backdrop of islamaphobia. this is seen as a resistance to racism
81
criticism of bedroom culture
assumed girls had their own rooms, ignoring working class girls
82
criticisms of feminism
-ignores class and ethnicity -few female sociologists before the 70s -youth culture has become more androgynous
83
hughes and church crime stat
1/3 of all uk crimes are committed by 10-19 year olds
84
(postmodernist) lyng: edgework theory
young males test the boundaries of what is acceptable behaviour
85
(postmodernist) katz on youth crime
youth commit crime for thrill, not because they are marginalised
86
(postmodernist) winlow and hall on male violence
young males are violent to fill the void left behind by the decline of traditional working class identity
87
(marxist) CCCS: 2 reasons for formation of subcultures
-loss (in working class communities) -resistance (economical challenges)
88
brake on middle class subcultures
middle class subcultures are more organised and political
89
(new right) dennis and erdos on nuclear families
the decline of the traditional nuclear family has led to an increase in crime
90
clarke on magical recovery
working class youth subcultures made members feel powerful despite having little impact on capitalist structure
91
(postmodernists) holland and chatterton critique of neotribes
youth subcultures are more likely to be shaped by consumerist culture than neotribes
92
examples of neo tribes
hipsters, online gaming communities
93
(marxist) hebdige on commercialisation of subcultural wear
subcultural styles are mass produced and commercialised to mainstream society.
94
(feminist) hollands critique of bedroom culture
girls are more in open spaces and bedroom culture is declining

Sociology: paper 1 (10 decks)

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