1. invagination of the plasma membrane surrounding DNA (protects DNA with 2 membrane system) 2. obligate intracellular parasite enters into the larger cell 3. the parasite and cell create a symbiotic relationship between the parasite and cell (becomes mitochondria and created ATP) 4. cyanobacteria was absorbed by the cell and helped the cell convert sunlight into sugar for the cell

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Flashcards by Kiara Santos

How long have ancient eukaryotic protists been around for?

2 million years

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Lynn Margulis

provided sufficient evidence for the evolution of eukaryotic cells through the Endosymbiotic Theory

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Endosymbiotic theory

invagination of the plasma membrane surrounding DNA (protects DNA with 2 membrane system)
obligate intracellular parasite enters into the larger cell
the parasite and cell create a symbiotic relationship between the parasite and cell (becomes mitochondria and created ATP)
cyanobacteria was absorbed by the cell and helped the cell convert sunlight into sugar for the cell

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Pros and Cons: Endosymbiotic theory

pros: addresses evolution of mitochondria and presence of chloroplasts
cons: does not address the evolution of other organelles

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Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

chloroplasts and mitochondria have circular DNA
chloroplasts and mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes
linear DNA in nucleus
chloroplasts similar to cyanobacteria
mitochondria is similar to rickettsia
mitochondria: inner membrane more bacteria, outer membrane more eukaryotic

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When did multicellular organisms start to evolve?

650 mya

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Arrangement of microtubules in flagella

9+2 arrangement; 9 pairs surrounding 2 tubulins

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Eukaryotic flagella movement

whipping movement

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What is eukaryotic flagella made of?

microtubules

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How much larger is eukaryotic flagella in comparison to prokaryotic flagella

10x larger

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What eukaryotic groups have flagella?

some protazoa and algae, few animal cells

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Cilia characteristics

structure used for movement which is made of microtubules, short and ore frequent on the body of the eukaryotic cell, move in a wave like movement

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Where are eukaryotic cilia present?

some protazoa and in human bodies

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Cell wall is made up of three groups

chitin, glycoprotein, mixed glycans

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Biggest internal structure in eukaryotes

nucleus

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Membrane which surrounds the nucleus

nuclear envelope

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Nuclear envelope makeup

2 phospholipid bilayer

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Nuclear pores

protein holes which allows for the regulated movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus

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Nucleolus

site of ribosome synthesis in the nucleus

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Chromatin

DNA wrapped in histones

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Histones

type of protein

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DNA is made up of…

chromosomes
- linear and 46 pieces

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Diploid

2 copies of every chromosome/gene

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Mitosis stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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Prophase

cells prepare to divide

Metaphase

chromosomes line up

Anaphase

chromosomes separate

Telophase

chromosomes un-condense and form 2 new nuclear membranes

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis

Rough ER

protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus

single membrane system which is the site of processing

How does the golgi apparatus transport molecules?

golgi packages materials into a membrane that buds off and is transported its destignated area

The Assembly Line

DNA copies information into mRNA > mRNA leaves through nuclear pores into cytoplasm > translated in the rough ER > golgi apparatus attaches and transports the molecule to its designated destination

Where do lysosomes come from?

golgi apparatus

Lysosome

site of breaking down materials

Vacuoles

storage site of some cells; materials/toxins are stored/dumped

Mitochondria

site of ATP synthesis using oxygen to convert sugar into ATP

Layer of mitochondria

inner and outer layer

Cristae

inner fold of mitochondria

Mitochondrial matrix

fluid filled space in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which contains 70s ribosomes/bacterial DNA

Chloroplasts 3 membrane system

outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane

Thylakoid membrane

where photosynthesis occurs converting light energy to chemical energy (sugar); contains chlorophyll a

What is the waste product the thylakoid membrane produces when photosynthesis occurs?

oxygen

Stroma

fluid filled space of chloroplasts

Where is DNA/70S ribosomes found in chloroplasts?

stroma

What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?

rRNA and ribosomal proteins

Where does protein synthesis occur?

cytoplasm and rough ER

Microfilaments

thinnest component of the filament which is made up of actin

Microfilament movement

oozing

What are microfilaments involved in?

cell movement and cell division

Microfilament cell division

moves the plasma membrane and pinches it to divide them into two cell

Microtubules

small tubes made of tubulin protein; can help move organelles

Microtubules cell division

grab onto chromosomes and pulls them apart

Cytoskeleton

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

5 supergroups of eukarya

plants, SAR, excavates, ameobazoans, opisthokonts

Plants

include plants, green algae, and red algae

SAR

include brown algae, diatoms, apicomplexans (protazoa), dinoflagelletes, cilliates

Excavates

flagella protazoa, euglena

Ameobazoans

ameobas

Opisthokonts

animal, fungi

Macroscopic fungi

fungi which can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic fungi

yeast and molds

Fungal shapes

yeast (ovoid/large in size) and hyphal shape

Yeast

shiny, unicellular

Hyphae

thread like structure found in mold

Mycelium

hyphae in large groups which form mold surface

Hyphal structures can be...

septate: nucleus is separated throughout the hyphae non-septate: nuclei are not seperated by a wall

Fungi is dimorphic

can switch between hyphal and yeast shape

What causes fungi to change shapes?

based on temperature

Fungal nutrition

heterotrophic (eat other organisms)

Saprobe

eat dead organisms/mater

Substrate

surface where the microbe is grown

Fungal advantages

due to their strong digestive enzymes that transport food molecules into the cell, they are able to live in nutrient poor environments

Asexual fungal spores

sporangiospore, conidia

Sporangiospore

surrounded by sac

Conidia

not surrounded by sac and releases when ready; more common

Can all fungi produce sexual spores?

yes

Sexual Fungal Reproduction

zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores, chytrids

Zygospores

strong spiny walls (bread and fruit mold)

Ascospores

8 spores enclosed in a sac (cup fungi)

Basidiospores

club like structure which spores come off (toad stools)

Classification of fungi is based on...

appearance of reproductive spores

Chytrids

fungi which have caused the death of many amphibians

What must occur for a fungal infection to occur?

weakened immune system

Classification of algae is based on...

color

What shape in algae is unique between the species?

chloroplasts

Diatomaceous earth

silica cell walls of the diatoms formed on the earth

algae characteristics

form agar, make up portion of oxygen, cannot get people sick

Classification of SAR is based on...

motility

Protazoan nutrition

heterotrophs

Protazoa cytoplasm

2 cytoplasm: ectoplasm and endoplasm

Ectoplasm

cytoplasm underneath the cell membrane

Endoplasm

where nucleus and organelles are

SAR nuclei

can have two nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus

Macronucleus

necessary genes for life

Micronucleus

contains advantageous genes

SAR

apicomplexa, ciliates, excavata, ameobazonas

Apicomplexa

parasite which lacks motility due to them being in the "perfect" environment

Ciliates

move by cilia; have no effect on human health

Excavata

move by flagella

Ameobazoans

move with ameboid movement using psuedopods

Parasitic Roundworm Phylums

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Phylum Nematoda

nematodes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flukes and tapeworms