The Chemistry of Biology

Question 1

atom

Answer 1

smallest unit which cannot be broken apart without breaking its properties

Question 2

Protons and neutrons are found…

Answer 2

in the nucleus

Question 3

How can protons and neutrons change into one another?

Answer 3

radioactive decay

Question 4

Electrons are found in…

Answer 4

electron cloud

Question 5

What determines the properties of the atom?

Answer 5

number of protons

Question 6

Isotope

Answer 6

element with a different number of neutrons in comparison to protons

Question 7

Ion

Answer 7

charged element due to less/more electrons

Question 8

bond formations

Answer 8

H: 1
O: 2
N: 3
C: 4

Question 9

Three types of bonds

Answer 9

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Question 10

Covalent bonds

Answer 10

2 atoms sharing one or more electrons

Question 11

Ionic bonds

Answer 11

elements which give or take electrons

Question 12

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

bonds of attraction

Question 13

characteristics of covalent bonds

Answer 13

→ can have equal sharing or unequal sharing of electrons
→ equal sharing is most common: results in nonpolar molecules
→ unequal sharing can happen in covalent bonds: in living systems H-O and H-N
→ results in polar molecules such as water

Question 14

cations

Answer 14

positively charged ion

Question 15

characteristics of ionic bonds

Answer 15

creation of cations and anions

Question 16

anions

Answer 16

negatively charged ion

Question 17

characteristics of hydrogen bonds

Answer 17

–> not chemical bonds
→ hydrogen is attracted to either nitrogen or oxygen
→ bonds between polar molecules; oxygen slight negative charge and hydrogen slight positive charge

Question 18

oxidation reduction reaction

Answer 18

movement of electrons between molecules to exchange energy

Question 19

oxidation

Answer 19

molecule loses electron: molecule loses energy

Question 20

reduction

Answer 20

molecule gains electron; molecule receives energy

Question 21

O.I.L R.I.G

Answer 21

oxidation is loss reduction is gain

Question 22

chemical shorthand

Answer 22

shortened structure of a chemical

Question 23

pH scale characteristics

Answer 23

→ water is neutral due to the equal amounts of OH and Hydrogen bonds
→ 7-14 typical pH for living beings

Question 24

inorganic

Answer 24

missing carbon or hydrogen in the molecule

Question 25

organic

Answer 25

any molecule that has hydrogen or carbon

Question 26

versatility of bonding

Answer 26

→ can form many different forms of bonds and structures → can form functional groups: small molecule that binds to a bigger molecule and confers properties (brings its characteristics such as charge)

Question 27

function groups

Answer 27

hydroxyl carboxyl amino phosphate methyl

Question 28

hydroxyl

Answer 28

R - O - H

Question 29

carboxyl

Answer 29

O // R - C \ OH

Question 30

amino

Answer 30

H / R - N \ H

Question 31

phosphate

Answer 31

O II R - O - P - OH I OH

Question 32

methyl

Answer 32

H I R - C - H I H

Question 33

macromolecules

Answer 33

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Question 34

which macromolecule is not a true macromolecule?

Answer 34

lipids

Question 35

cellulose

Answer 35

cell wall of plants; insoluble fiber and undigestable to humans

Question 36

starch

Answer 36

energy storage for plants

Question 37

glycogen

Answer 37

quick energy for plant

Question 38

main function of carbohydrates

Answer 38

energy and to help structure of the cell wall

Question 39

chitin

Answer 39

cell wall of fungi

Question 40

peptidoglycan

Answer 40

cell wall of bacteria

Question 41

common use of lipids

Answer 41

long term energy storage

Question 42

what macromolecule makes up the cell membrane?

Answer 42

lipids: fats and oils

Question 43

what kind of saccharide is agar?

Answer 43

polysaccharide

Question 44

saturated fats have what kind of bonds?

Answer 44

single covalent bonds

Question 45

unsaturated fats

Answer 45

one double bond; not full hydrogen chain

Question 46

trans fats

Answer 46

produced through partial hydrogenation

Question 47

what provides polarity in a phospholipid?

Answer 47

alcohol

Question 48

amphatic molecule

Answer 48

molecule is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic eg. hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails of phospholipids

Question 49

phospholipid shape

Answer 49

phosphate head which is connected by glycerol molecule which is then bound to 2 fatty acid chains

Question 50

ergosterol

Answer 50

sterol for fungi; cholesterol for the cell membrane and allows fluidity in the cell membrane

Question 51

phytosterol

Answer 51

cholesterol for plants

Question 52

purposes of proteins

Answer 52

enzymes, transportation of molecules

Question 53

what is considered the variable side chain?

Answer 53

r group of the amino acid; the r group differs for each amino acid

Question 54

peptide

Answer 54

short chains of amino acids

Question 55

polypeptide

Answer 55

long chain of amino acids; interchangeable with proteins

Question 56

primary structure - protein

Answer 56

sequence of amino acids which is made of peptide bonds; determined by the DNA sequence

Question 57

secondary structure - protein

Answer 57

hydrogen bonds which are formed between carboxyl and amino groups

Question 58

structures in the secondary structure

Answer 58

alpha helix (coil) and B pleated sheets (zig zag)

Question 59

tertiary structure - protein

Answer 59

structure that a polypeptide takes when it goes inside the cell

Question 60

quatenary structure

Answer 60

structure only forms when proteins have more than one polypeptide chain

Question 61

primary functions of nucleic acids

Answer 61

heritable information/passing of genetic information

Question 62

DNA bases include

Answer 62

AGTC

Question 63

RNA bases include

Answer 63

AGCU

Question 64

RNA structure

Answer 64

the sugar base has a hydroxyl in the 2' and hydrogen in

Question 65

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 65

covalent bonds that help form DNA from a condensation reaction

Question 66

DNA structure

Answer 66

hydroxyl in 2'

Question 67

double helix

Answer 67

two strands of nucleic acids that are bound to each other by bonds of attraction (hydrogen) and form a coil once bounded

Question 68

ATP

Answer 68

energy currency of the cell

Question 69

algae cell wall is made of

Answer 69

cellulose

Question 70

In double-stranded nucleic acids, uracil in RNA pairs up with what base?

Answer 70

adenine

Question 71

Between NADH and NAD+, which is the reduced version?

Answer 71

NADH

Question 72

Which polymer has glycosidic bonds?

Answer 72

polysaccharides

Question 73

True or False: unsaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature

Answer 73

false

Question 74

Characteristics of alkaline solutions

Answer 74

have a pH higher than 7