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Microbiology > Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what do all cells have?

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA/RNA, proteins, ribosomes

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1
Q

what is the size difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes are 10x larger than prokaryotes

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2
Q

structure of typical bacterial cell

A

most have a cell wall, cell coating surface
some have fimbriae, inclusion bodies, cytoskeleton, pili, flagella, form endospores

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3
Q

flagellar basal body purpose

A

used for movement for the cell or sticking onto surfaces

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4
Q

flagella purpose/movement

A

helps swim through a fluid in a boat propeller like motion

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5
Q

3 parts of the flagella

A

filament inserted by hook which connects it to the basal body which determines the spin of the cell

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6
Q

flagella is found in…

A

all spirilla, half bacilli, very few cocci

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7
Q

chemotaxis

A

bacterial movement based on the presence of a chemical

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8
Q

positive chemotaxis

A

movement towards a chemical signal (food)

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9
Q

negative chemotaxis

A

movement away from a chemical signal (toxin)

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10
Q

runs and tumbles

A

the technique bacteria use to find a food source
- run: movement in a random

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11
Q

run

A

straight movement in a random direction

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12
Q

tumbles

A

change in movement when moving away from a chemotaxis positive signal

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13
Q

runs and tumbles when going towards toxin

A

runs are shorter and tumbles are more frequent

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14
Q

phototaxis

A

movement in response to light

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15
Q

aerotaxis

A

movement in response to oxygen (dependent on whether microbe is aerobic or anaerobic)

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16
Q

magnetotaxis

A

movement in response to magnets

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17
Q

galvanotaxis

A

movement in response to an electric current

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18
Q

bacterial fimbriae

A

shorter and in larger quantities, made of various types of proteins, helps cell stick to surfaces

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19
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

use of pili to exchange a few genes between bacterial cells

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20
Q

S layer

A

single protein that is coated by the cell to help them stick onto surfaces

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21
Q

Glycocalyx layer

A

layer that helps adhere the bacteria onto tissues/surfaces

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22
Q

Capsule

A

thick exterior of the cell that helps adhere to the cell strongly

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23
Q

Biofilms

A

3D structure formed by a community of microbes clumped together

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24
When do biofilms form?
moist/water rich and food rich environment
25
How are biofilms removed?
physical disruption/sonication
26
What structures create the cell envelope?
cell wall and cell membrane
27
What macromolecule is the cell wall made of?
carbohydrates
28
Peptidoglycan
makes up the cell wall of bacteria providing it structure and shape
29
Purpose of the cell membrane
regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell
30
Mycoplasmas cell exterior
no cell wall; have sterol in membrane for structure
31
Archaea cell membrane | makeup
membrane is made of hydrocarbons instead of fatty acids
32
Gram positive (2 components)
cell wall and cell membrane
33
Gram positive characteristics
thicker cell wall due to the peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, little to no periplasmic space
34
Teichoic acid
makes the cell wall flexible
35
Gram negative (3 components)
outer membrane, cell membrane, plasma membrane
36
Gram negative characteristics
thin cell wall (prone to lysis), endotoxins/LPS outer membrane, porin proteins
37
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
used for cell communication and recognizing another gram negative cell
38
Endotoxin
LPS in the cell wall of bacteria
39
Do mycoplasmas have a cell wall?
no
40
What organisms has circular DNA?
bacteria
41
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
floats around in the cytoplasm
42
Nucloid
where DNA is found in bacterial cells
43
Plasmid
circular piece of DNA that contains advantageous genes
44
Where are plasmids found?
nucleoid region
45
Bacterial ribosomes consist of...
rRNA and ribosomal proteins
46
Subunits of bacterial ribosomes
ribosome (70S) large subunit (50S) small subunit (30S)
47
Inclusion bodies
membrane bound (used for storage of sugars, gas, nutrients); aid prokaryotic cells when there are shifts in their environment
48
Granules
metal/salt crystal structure which helps bacteria determine their orientation/direction based on the magnetic poles of the earth
49
Micro-compartments
store enzymes
50
Bacterial cytoskeleton
bacterial cells that contain actin filaments
51
Endospores
spores which form in the interior of the bacterial cell in harsh conditions; it appears at a certain life stage
52
Example of bacterial endospores (human use/pathogens)
bacillus subtilis (used to make soy sauce and other food), bacillus anthracis
53
Why are endospores unique?
extremely hearty; able to survive in many variations of their environment
54
State of endospores
vegetative state: nutrients present endospore state: no nutrients present; covers itself in a protective coating before
55
Diplococci
two cells
56
Streptococci
spheres in chains
57
Tetrads
groups of 4
58
Sarcina
cube-like; typical to have pack of 8/64
59
Staphylococci
form in grape-like clusters
60
Bacillus
rod-shaped (anything that is not a perfect sphere
61
Vibro
curved rod/comma shaped
62
Spirillum
coil shaped
63
Spirochete
coil shaped
64
What is the difference between spirillum and spirochetes?
Spirilla have less coils (3-5) ; spirochetes bend and flex while spirillia have a corkscrew like motion
65
Ribosomal RNA gene
16s rRNA
66
Why are ribosomes used for taxonomy?
they are a highly conserved
67
Cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
68
Proteobacteria
medically important, mostly gram negative, categorized by alpha, gamma, beta...
69
Firmicutes
medically important, mostly gram negative
70
Actinobacteria
medically important (include some antibiotics)
71
Chlamydae and Ricketssia
obligate intracellular parasite (must be inside of the cell to survive)
72
Spirochetes
affect human behavior
73
Bacteriodetes
happy intestinal bacteria
74
Obligate intracellular parasites
parasites that must be inside of a cell to grow and divide
75
What is the primary source of energy for cyanobacteria?
sunglight
76
Characteristics of cyanobacteria
has existed for 3.5 billion years, have thylakoids, no chloroplasts or organelles, create oxygen, fix nitrogen
77
Fix nitrogen
takes nitrogen gas and converts it to NO3 NO2 or NH4
78
What is the toxic byproduct cyanobacteria creates?
oxygen
79
Purple sulfur bacteria
contain bacteriochlorophyll, form granules, use sunlight for energy and use the sulfur to convert to chemical energy
80
What do mycobacterium use for movement?
cytoplasm and plasma membrane
81
Halophiles
prokaryotic salt loving archaic cells
82
Thermofiles
heat loving (180F-212F)
83
Methanogens
synthesize methane; ruminants contain methanogens and they are also responsible for melting permafrost
84
Periplasmic flagella
"internal flagella"; flagella found in the periplasmic space (in spirochetes)
85
Periplasmic
space between cell membrane and cell wall
86
Porin proteins
channels which transport molecules
87
True or False: Mycobacteria lack a cell wall
false
88
True or False: biofilms involve bacteria only
false
89
What term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes
Tetrad
90
Bacterial endospores are not produced by…
staphylococcus
91
Which cell structure is an important component in modern genetic engineering techniques?
plasmids
92
A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is
mycobacterium
93
If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the
cell wall
93
Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called
periplasmic flagella
94
Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago?
archaea
94
The bacterial chromosome is part of the
nucleoid
94
Bacterial flagella are made primarily of
flagellin
95
Endospores are…
resistant to destruction by radiation, living structures, resistant to heat and chemical destruction, metabolically inactive
96
The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes
protein synthesis would stop
97
True or False: Endospores growing inside the human body can cause disease.
false
98
True or False: Mycoplasmas require entrance into a host cell in order to replicate
false

Microbiology (16 decks)

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