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Microbiology > Nonspecific Host Defenses > Flashcards

Nonspecific Host Defenses Flashcards

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1
Q

3 lines of defense

A

first, second, third

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2
Q

first line of defense

A

block the microbe from entering the body/portal of entry (nonspecific and innate)

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3
Q

second line of defense

A

through the entire body/systemic (nonspecific, innate)

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4
Q

eg. of second line of defense

A

phagocytosis, interferons

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5
Q

third line of defense

A

systemic, acquired, specific

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6
Q

characteristics of third line of defense

A

Changes throughout lifetime,
Specific to a strain of microbe,
B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, cytotoxins

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7
Q

first line of defense mechanisms

A

Physical or anatomical barriers, chemical defense layers, genetic defenses

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8
Q

Physical or anatomical barriers

A

skin, mucus membranes, respiratory tract

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9
Q

skin

A

thick keratin layer

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10
Q

how does skin remove microbes

A

keratin, hairshaft, sweating

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11
Q

keratin

A

thick insoluble layer that prevents microbes from entering

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12
Q

hair-shaft

A

hair sheds removing microbes

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13
Q

sweating

A

removes mircobes

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14
Q

mucus membranes

A

moist permeable layer which gets flushed with fluid to remove microbes

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15
Q

where are mucus membranes present?

A

Gi tract, Respiratory tract, urinary tract

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16
Q

Respiratory tract

A

nasal hairs that trap large particles, cilia actively brush mucus out of respiratory tract

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17
Q

chemical defense layer

A

lysozyme, defensins, stomach pH

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18
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks down peptidogylcan

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19
Q

defensins

A

small proteins that are found in bodily fluids that insert into the cell membrane of microbes causing leaks

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20
Q

genetic defenses eg.

A

Cat HIV, sickle cell anemia against anemia

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21
Q

Components of Second and Third Lines of Defense

A

system wide defense, white blood cells

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22
Q

component of second line of defense

A

PRRs, PAMPs

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23
Q

component of third line of defense

A

antibodies, antigens

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24
Q

system wide defense

A

constantly look and recognize if microbe is foreign

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25
white blood cells
recognize what does not belong by cell surface markers made of proteins/sugars
26
PRRs
recognize molecular patterns that are recognized as foreign
27
PAMPs
molecular patterns
28
eg. PAMPs
LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin, ds RNA, techoic acid, chtin
29
Systems involved in immune defenses
extracellular fluid, Reticuloendotheial system (RES), bloodstream
30
Reticuloendotheial system (RES)
network of connective tissue that surrounds organs; Way to prevent microbes from attacking important organs
31
bloodstream includes
plasma, granulocytes, agranulocytes,
32
hematopoiesis
process of blood cell production
33
hematopoiesis produces
leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
34
blood plasma
fluid of blood
35
blood plasma includes
sugars, dissolved gasses, antibodies, platelets, clotting factors
36
granulocytes
pokadots (organelles) in white blood cell; found by using multiple dyes
37
types of granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
38
neutrophil
Most common phagocyte in the body and WBC/act as phagocytes
39
eosinophil
Fight worm infections and fungal infections by binding to the larger microbe and releasing digestive enzyme
40
basophils
Involved in histamine and inflammation production and regulates sleep wake cycles
41
mast cells
Found in connective tissue and involved in anaphylaxis
42
Agranulocytes
unstained organelles
43
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
44
lymphocytes
smaller and have no cytoplasm
45
types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells
46
T cells
fight off infections; cell mediated immunity
47
B cells
make antibodies; humoral immunity
48
types of monocytes
macrophages, dendritic cells
49
macrophages
blood stream
50
dendritic cells
connective tissues
51
are macrophages and dendritic cells phagocytes?
yes and Involved in antigen processing and antigen presenting
52
lymphatic fluid
contains all components blood has except for RBC
53
major functions of lymphatic system
return leaked fluid, draining off inflammatory fluid, surveillance/recognition/destruction of foreign cells
54
Lymphatic vessels move
only inwards; through skeletal muscle movements
55
what prevents backflow?
valves
56
Lymph organs
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
57
thymus
where t cells mature
58
lymph nodes
filters moving from extremities back to bloodstream
59
Region of lymph node clusters
neck, maxillary/armpits, abdominal region
60
Spleen
filter out dead blood cells
61
MALT/GALT
mucus membrane, gut tissue
62
cause of swollen lymph nodes
white blood cells gathering, metastasis cancer cells
63
activation of innate immunity caused by
PRRs and PAMPs, TLRs
64
toll like receptors (TLR)
pattern recognition receptor in phagocytes; Bind to PAMPs
65
Dimerization
bind to same PAMP
66
Cytokines
molecule to communicate to other cells of the body
67
interleukins
molecule made to communicate with other white blood cells
68
Inflammatory response
any response to tissue damage
69
Purpose of inflammatory response
to draw fluid and white blood cells to the site of healing to prevent foreign material from entering body and draw fluid
70
stages of Inflammatory response
1. Injury 2. Rubor/calor: redness/heat 3. Tumor: swelling 4. Dolor: pain 5. Loss of function: scab
71
Inflammatory response microscopic
1. Damaged cells will be picked up and sensed by white blood cells 2. White blood cells send cytokines to cause blood cells to constrict; prevents bacteria from entering and decrease blood loss 3. Send cytokines for blood cells to dialate; Allow more movement of blood and Causes adeema (buildup of fluid) + pus formation
72
Histamine
help release fluid
73
CRP/C-reactive protein
PRRs important in enhancing phagocytosis and complement system function; promote inflammation
74
Diapedesis
white blood cells leaving the bloodstream; creates pus
75
Pyrogens
cause fever; slow cell division
76
purpose of fevers
promote t cell development/cell division, improves ethicacy of t cell production and speeds up maturation, brings iron into the macrophages
77
mechanisms of phagocytes
1. Chemotaxis: microbe using TLR to recognize pathogen/foreign debris and chases after it 2. Adhesion: Uses PAMP to attach 3. Engulfment: endocytosis; brings into cell vacuole Phagosome: cell vacuole 4. Phagolysosome forming: phagosome fuses with lysosome 5. Killing infastructure Goes through antigen processing if dendrtic/neturophil
78
interferons are produced by
white blood cells that detect the presence of viruses/cancer cells
79
interferons purpose
Sent to other white blood cells to become specialized to fight viruses/cancer cells
80
interferons
White blood cell detects virus and produces/releases interferons as the virus is synthesizing and then other white blood cell recieves interferons and creates DNases and becomes antiviral cell
81
interferon types
made by t cells, macrophages, specific white blood cells
82
complement system
component of second line of defense; collection of proteins that work together in a cascade to create a hole in the membrane of pathogens
83

Microbiology (16 decks)

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