Eval. of urine Flashcards by Dana Dyches

Monitor diseases to determine if they are

-reversible
-irreversible but non-progressive
-irreversible and progressive

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What are some non-urinary disorders that indicate urinalysis

diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hepatic failure, severe hemolytic disease, pre-renal azotemia, systemic acidosis

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What is an irreversible but no progressive disease?

remains the same

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What does an irreversible and progressive disease do

gets worse

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Urine in transparent containers should be performed within _ minutes following collection

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Urine collected for bacterial culture must be collected in _ syringes or _ containers

sterilized; sterile

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True or False: urine collected via table top is okay for screening UA

True

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What should be done for collection of urine from normal voiding

first portion of urine stream should be excluded from sample because it is often contaminated

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_ specimens are most concentrated, increased the chances of finding abnormalities

Morning

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What should be done for manual compression of urinary bladder

external genitalia should be cleaned before bladder expression

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Disadvantages of collection of urine by manual compression

-bladder can be damaged with excessive digital pressure
-can force bladder urine into prostate gland, ureters, and kidney

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_ and _ will be falsely decreased exposed to light

bilirubin & urobilinogen

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What method of collection is preferred for culture and sensitivity

cysto

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If urine must be shipped, preserve with:

-1 drop of 40% formalin/ 1oz (30ml) urine
-Thymol crystal. 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

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Normal urine volume for dogs

20-40 ml/kg in 24 hrs

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Normal urine volume for cats

28ml/kg in 24 hrs

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If SG in nonglucosuric (no glucose in urine) sample is >___ (dog) and __ (cat), urine volume is normal

1.030; 1.035

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If SG <1.030 (dog) and 1.035 (cat) could indicate _ or _

polyuria or oliguria

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Color of urine comes from the production of what two pigments

urochrome and urobilin

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Normal urine color is pale yellow to amber due to _ pigment

urochrome

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Bilirubinuria, Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria can significantly color the urine _ _ _ or -

dark yellow, red, or red brown

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Blue urine color=

pseuodomonas infections

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Green urine=

presence of biliverdin

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Orange-yellow urine=

excess urobilin, bilirubin

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Red, pink, red-brown=

hematuria, hemoglobonuria, myoglobinuria, porphyriuria

Brown to black urine=

melanin, methemoglobin, bile pigments

Sweet odor of urine indicates

presence of ketones

Turbidity caused by

-crystals -RBC, WBC, and/or epithelial cells -Semen -Bacteria, yeast

Urine specific gravity is used to assess the ability of renal tubules to concentrate or dilute _ _

glomerular filtrate

USG is a measurement of _ of urine compared to pure water

density

Normal range of USG for dog

1.015-1.050

Normal USG for cats

1.035-1.060

_ of 3+ increases USG 0.001

Proteinuria

_ of 1+ increases USG 0.001

Glucosuria

Elevated BUN and Crea levels must be interpreted along with specific gravity in order to determine if their elevation is due to

pre renal, renal, or post renal causes

What is the disadvantage of urinometer

requires large quantity of urine

Urine dipstick for USG is _

inaccurate

USG in isothenuric range in an animal that is dehydrated or azotemic implies inability of renal concentrating ability. This S.G. is now "fixed" and _ _ disease is present

renal tubular

Isosthenuria range

1.008-1.012

Acid pH indicates

starvation, D. Mellitus, Acidosis

Alkaline pH indicates

bacteria, old sample, lactate, bicarbonate

_ generally produce an excess of acid metabolites

Carnivores

pH is a measure of _ ion concentration

hydrogen

Normal pH values of dogs

5.2-6.8

Normal pH values of cats

6-7

Normal pH for horses and cattle

7-8.5

Normal pH for swine and sheep

6-8.5

Factors making urine pH acidic

-high protein diet -uncontrolled diabetes -respiratory diseases involving carbon dioxide retention

Drugs that acidify urine pH

-phosphate salts -ammonium chloride -D-L methionine -low dosages of furosemide (lasix)

Drugs that alkalinize urine

-sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate -potassium citrate -acetazolamine, chlorothiazide

A protein positive dipstick test should be checked with _ _

Sulfosalicylic acid (5%)

Proteinuria is observed with

-Inflammation -Hemoglobinuria -Hematuria -Myoglobinuria -Pyuria

Proteinuria range

<1 = normal >1= abnormal

Urine ketones are observed with

starvation, diabetes-mellitus, shock

Bilirubin is increased in _ and _

cholestasis and hemolysis

When testing for bilirubin, strip is less sensitive than the

ictotest

Increased levels of urobilinogen are a conformation of bilirubinuria due to _

hemolysis

Urine should be centrifuged for _minutes at low speed for sediment exam

Pyuria=

pus or leukocytes in urine

Possible causes of hematuria and pyuria

-trauma -calculi -infection -neoplasia -congestion -microfilariae

Hematuria= bleeding where

anywhere in the genitourinary tract

What procedure may help localize bleeding from urinary bladder to kidney and helps localize inflammation between urinary bladder to the kidney

cystocentesis

Pyuria can occur anywhere along genitourinary tract and indicates the presence of an

inflammatory process

_ may accompany pyuria

Bacteria

True or False: Finding more than an occasional RBC in urine is considered normal

false; is abnormal as RBCs cannot enter the filtrate of an intact nephron

What do RBC look like in urine

colorless disks

In dilute alkaline urine, RBCs swell and lyse (_ cells)

ghost

In concentrated urine what do RBC look like

shrink and appear crenated

What do RBC indicate in urine

bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract or occasionally in the genital system

WBCs are _ than RBC

larger

How many WBC may be seen in normal patients

<5/hpf

More than an occasional WBC in a high power field indicates what

an active inflammatory lesion

What is the term for excessive WBCs in the urine

pyuria

Excessive WBCs in urine is indicative of

nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, ureteritis

Inflammatory response is often accompanied by varying amounts of _s and _

RBCs and proteinuria

True or False: Bacteriuria without pyruia is possible in dogs and cats

True

What 3 types of epithelial cells may be found in urine

squamous, transitional, renal tubular

Squamous epithelial cells are from _ _

genitral tract

Transitional epithelial cells are from _ _

urinary tract

Transitional epithelial cells are larger than leukocytes but smaller than

squamous epithelial cells

With inflammation along the urinary tract, increased numbers of _ cells are often observed

transitional

Differences in transitional epithelial cell size is due to

location; -upper layer- large flattened cells -intermediate layer- smaller and rounder -single basal layer- elongated or columnar

Renal epithelial cells line the _ _

renal tubules

Most significant of the epithelial cells because increased numbers indicates

tubular necrosis

True or False: Renal epithelial cells are rarely found

True

How to distinguish renal epithelial cells from leukocytes

presence of a single round, eccentrically located nucleus

_ is sometimes helpful in distinguishing between WBCs and renal tubular cells

Stain

_ are tubular molds composed of a mucoprotein gel and whatever particles that may be trapped within it: -Hyaline -Epithelial -Leukocyte (WBC) -Fatty -Granular -Waxy -Erythrocyte (RBC)

Casts

Hyaline casts are observed with the mildest

renal irritation, AND/OR fever, exercise, passive congestion

Epithelial cell casts appear intact and indicate

renal disease

_ _ are probably the earliest indicator of renal tubular cell damage when drugs potentially damaging to kidney are used

epithelial casts

True or false: 0-1/hpf of Hyaline casts may be seen in urine of normal animals

true

True or false: 0-5/hpf of Epithelial cell casts are observed in urine of normal animals

False, none are observed in normal animals

What is the most common type of cast seen

Granular casts

What are granular casts

believed to be degenerated epithelial cells, RBCs or WBCs

Granular casts seen in large numbers may indicate tubular degeneration as may occur with

nephritis, nephrotoxins, or infections

True or false: 0-1/hpf of granular casts may be observed in the urine of normal animals

True

Waxy casts indicate chronic tubular lesions and are often associated with sever renal disease such as

glomerulonephritis amyloidosis

True or false: fatty casts are not commonly seen

true

When may fatty casts be observed

in cats with renal disease as well as diabetic dogs and cats

Large numbers of fatty casts may indicate

degeneration of renal tubules

RBC casts are not commonly seen and indicate

renal hemorrhage

WBC casts can be observed with

pyelonephritis

_ are commonly observed in urine sediment of male dogs

Spermatozoa

_ droplets are commonly observed in normal dog and cat urine

lipid

lipid can be erroneously called _ _ and are not significant

budding yeasts

What is the scientific name of the swine kidney worm

Stephanurus dentatus

What is the scientific name for dog and cat bladder worm

Personema plica

What is the scientific name of the dog kidney worm

Dioctophyma renale

Some crystals of urine may form as a consequence of _ disease

metabolic

Crystal type depends on

urine pH, concentration, and temperature

Refrigerated urine sample will contain _ crystals

Struvite crystals characteristic

six to eight sided prisms

Amorphous phosphate crystals appear as

granular precipitate

Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals are _ shaped

diamond

Calcium oxalate and _ in horses and cattle

carbonate

Calcium carbonate crystals are round to _ shaped

dumbbell

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are associated with what toxicity

ethylene glycol

Ammonium bitrate crystals are associated with chronic liver or _-_ disease

portal-caval

Bilirubin crystals can be observed with _ or _

hemolysis or cholestasis

Cysteine crystals indicate an inherited abnormality in _ _ (this condition is uncommon)

cysteine metabolism

True or false: Plant material and fungal spores may be observed in free catch samples, they are insignificant.

True

Eval. of urine Flashcards

(122 cards)