Everything up until the 1st midterm Flashcards

Question

What is an organic macromolecule?

Answer 1

Huge Molecules built from smaller organic compounds, and they include carbon. -The big molecules are polymers, the small individual compounds are monomers.

Answer 2

A substance or material consisting of very large macromolecules. Polymers are a string composed of many repeating sub units. Monomers are singular molecules that will join together to form polymers

Answer 3

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of water (H2O) from the reacting molecule or ion.

Answer 4

A polymer and a monomer will use "DR" to BUILD polymers. meaning.. two "functional groups" are removed during the chemical reaction (they each lose one) and those are (hydroxide ion OH and hydrogen ion H) and they COVALENTLY BOND and form a water molecule which will eventually will form another polymer chain.

Answer 5

Using a water molecule to break something big into something small. water molecules will wiggle in between the monomers. breaking = adding water

Answer 6

1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic acids

Answer 7

Monosaccharides (monomers) eg. Sugars

Answer 8

The monomers of carbohydrates. (glucose/fructose)

Answer 9

2 monosaccharides combined (lactose/ maltose/ sucrose)

Answer 10

Dehydration reaction

Answer 11

Many monosaccharides linked together

Answer 12

If a chain of fatty acids (lipid) has less than the maximum amount of hydrogen's on each carbon . Chains have double bonds (carbons are sharing 2 pairs of electrons not just 1). Double bonds make the chain KINK. and will result in it being liquid at room temp. (eg. oil)

Answer 13

If a fatty acid has 1 double bond in it. (eg. olive oil)

Answer 14

If a fatty acid has multiple double bonds in it (eg. canola oil)

Answer 15

Unsaturated. They stay liquid within your body and ensure your cell membranes are flexible

Answer 16

Unsaturated fats where the hydrogen atoms are opposite to one another. H H H H H H H H C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C H H H H H H H H

Answer 17

Unsaturated fats that have the hydrogen atoms on the same side as one another which results in a KINK. more fluid H H H H H H H H C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C kink where the = is H H H H H H

Answer 18

Structural = collagen in skin Contractile = fibers in muscles Transports = Albumin in blood Chemical messengers = (insulin. hormone) Chemical catalyst = enzymes like amylase. Sally Cant Take Craig's Cock

Answer 19

Amino acid monomers

Answer 20

1) Plasma membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) DNA 4) Ribosomes

Answer 21

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Answer 22

-Small -Simple - single celled - lack nucleus - Does have nucleoid space (DNA is coiled here)

Answer 23

Large Complex organelles Have nucleus (eg. plants animals fungi)

Answer 24

Phospholipid bilayer. Regulates and transports materials entering and exiting the cell

Answer 25

Squiggly little projections of the plasma membrane. Increase surface area and thus facilitate absorption

Answer 26

Gel like substance (water) that fills the cell. It contains the other organelles - location of metabolic reactions - provides fluidity and rigidity for cell

Answer 27

Structure: Protein fibers. microfilaments. microtubules. Function: - maintains cell shape - anchors and reinforces the organelles. - cellular division - cellular movement - allows vesicles to move within the cell

Answer 28

Structure: Long protein fibers attached to the membrane. Function: Movement

Answer 29

Structure: - Short protein fibers along the membrane. Function: - Movement (undulate) - they are graceful and coordinated and dope. - also used for sensing environment

Answer 30

??? similar to dehydration reaction

Answer 31

- cell wall - capsule - pili - flagellum

Answer 32

to evade immune systems > invade human bodies. Can sit on outside of cell wall. hide from immune system. PROKARYOTIC cells

Answer 33

Function: for attachment --> sticky. e.g. When you have a UTI the E.coli use their lil pili because they can stick to your pee track.

Answer 34

function: for movement > whips. Move around with their whip. structure: long protein-based structures on end of cell

Answer 35

its a membrane that separates the cell's inner contents from it's external surroundings.

Answer 36

it means that its regulates the passage of substances through it

Answer 37

Microvilli

Answer 38

- proteins - sugars - nucleic acids - lipids - ions - water pussy sure nice and lice is whack. Pussy sauce nut load i'm wet

Answer 39

composed of two centrioles. --------> centrioles = cylinders made up of protein microtubules function: - cell division - development of cytoskeleton structures

Answer 40

- Ribosomes are protein complexes found in the cytoplasm and the rough ER - they coordinate the assembly of proteins - site of protein synthesis

Answer 41

- a bean - have their own DNA and double membranes - aids in cellular respiration. - converts chemical energy into cellular energy (ATP) - do not say powerhouse of the cell lol

Answer 42

stores and protects DNA.

Answer 43

- has own membrane called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE -NUCLEAR PORES allow for movement of some particles in and out of the nucleus - the NUCLEOLUS is the site of ribosome synthesis.

Answer 44

- modifies proteins - gets polypeptides from ribosomes. then it folds/ stores/ cuts them for future use.

Answer 45

- membranous tubes - surrounds nucleus - studded with ribosomes - kinky... he studded with ribosomes like a studded belt ahah

Answer 46

- synthesis lipids - helps detoxifies cells - stores and metabolizes carbohydrates - smooth... synthesis... ssssss

Answer 47

- membranous tubes... (honestly a membrane tube sounds like a cock) - lacks ribosomes

Answer 48

- good old Golgi receives, refines, stores, and distributes products from the ER... (so lipids and proteins?) - transports and stores various things.

Answer 49

- pancakes - series of flattened membranes near the ER

Answer 50

Vessicles = small (testicles) Vacuoles = big (vacuum) Structure: membranous sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi, or Plasma membrane. Function: - store and transport proteins, ions, lipids, toxins, water, ect.

Answer 51

- digest things - they are specialized vesicles filled with DIGESTIVE ENZYMES - help destroy harmful bacteria and break down damaged organelles

Answer 52

Carbon and hydrogen

Answer 53

4. They have 4 valence electrons that can each form a covalent bond with another atom. This allows them to form large and complex carbon chains and rings

Answer 54

- it provides external support - it holds cells together and allows for communication between cells. - made up of a secreted ground substance and fibres. >> the secretion can make up your bones, cartilage, and blood... >> it can be liquid, gel-like or solid.

Answer 55

An organic compound is when one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements - "compound" is what were drawing when we link a bunch of them together Carbon is important because it has 4 valence electrons that can each form a covailent bond with another atom

Answer 56

most lack lysosomes and centrioles

Answer 57

- cell walls -chloroplasts -central vacuoles

Answer 58

- they are rigid - give the plants structure - made of cellulose -surrounds the plasma membrane

Answer 59

- stores water - very big and occupies most of the cell. >> pushes other organs to the side. - shrink / grow depending

Answer 60

- Organic macromolecules are larger molecules built form smaller organic compounds - These larger molecules are called POLYMERS -Polymers are made up of smaller individual compounds called MONOMERS

Answer 61

- they synthesize glucose. - photosynthesis (turns solar energy into chemical energy [glucose]) - contains chlorophyll. Structure: - double membrane -MANY SMALL SACS

Answer 62

1) all bound by a plasma membrane 2) contain cytoplasm which cellular components are suspended 3) all cells process DNA 4) all cells possess ribosomes.

Answer 63

The atoms in an organic compound that participate in chemical reactions -typically charged (polar)

Answer 64

Prokayotic: - small - simple organelles - no nucleus - single celled Both: - are cells - can both be unicellular - have DNA Eukaryotic: - uni or multi cellular - complex - have nucleus

Answer 65

WHAAAt. will do in separate slide

Answer 66

*See slides 7 + 8 in Macromolecules Lecture* Cells use the dehydration reaction to BUILD polymers Cells use Hydrolysis to BREAK polymers In DR, two functional groups (OH and H) are removedfrom smaller subunits, forcing them to covalently link -WATER molecule is a PRODUCT In Hydrolysis, a water molecule breaks the covalent bond between linked subunits -OH and H are added as functional groups

Answer 67

animal cells: - Plasma Membrane - small Vacuole & vesicles - Cilia - Lysosomes both: - Nucleus - Smooth ER - Rough ER - Ribosomes - DNA - Mitochonria - Golgi Apparatus - Microtubules / Microfillaments - Plant cells: - cell wall and plasma membrane - chloroplasts - only 1 big central vacuole - * Most don't have Cilia - * Most don't have Lysosomes

Answer 68

find a pic.

Answer 69

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids

Answer 70

Mosaic means there's various components in it (like stained glass mosaic) - phospholipids - proteins - carbohydrates - cholesterol Fluidity refers to how these molecules flow and change position.

Answer 71

- they make up the most of the plasma membrane - amphipathic (polar and non polar parts) - heads are POLAR - two fatty acid tails are NON-POLAR

Answer 72

- in a bilayre - fatty acid tails face the INTERIOR (hydrophobic + non-polar) - phosphate heads will point out (hydrophilic + polar) >> heads react with the aqueous fluid inside and outside of the cell because they are gay for water. MAKES A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

Answer 73

Molecules used for energy and structure by cells -Carbs are made of MONOSACCHARIDES - DISACCHARIDES are two monosaccharides combined -Disaccharides are formed via the DEHYDRATION REACTION

Answer 74

Inside, outside, or embedded within the membrane.

Answer 75

jack of all trades. - enzymatic activity - anchorage - transport (active / passive) - cell-cell recognition (distinguish one cell from another) - transducing signals, - receptors

Answer 76

- the outside

Answer 77

- cell-cell recognition (distinguish one cell from another) - bound to proteins to form GLYCOPROTIENS - bound to lipids to form GLYCOLIPIDS

Answer 78

They are Carbohydrate polymers Many monosaccharides linked together (branched or unbranched) Four major types: 1.Starch 2.Glycogen 3.Cellulose 4.Chitin

Answer 79

cholesterol = lipid based cholesterol is embedded within ANIMAL MEMBRANES - regulates fluidity of membrane, keeping it fluid even if the temperature decreases * important for the fluid mosaic because.... >> can flow and change position >> its like antifreeze >> cholesterol doesn't freeze - embedded within and between the fatty acid tails (its non-polar so it wants to be where the fatty acids are)

Answer 80

1.Starch: Purpose - energy, source - plants -long simple chains, "slow burn" energy 2.Glycogen: Purpose - energy, source - animals -stores energy in liver or muscle cells in vertebrates, converted to glucose when needed 3.Cellulose: Purpose - structure, Source - plants -tightly packed chains, cant be broken down by animals digestion. Its fiber in our diet 4. Chitin: Purpose - structure, Source - animals -chains of modified sugars. The basis for structure of exoskeleton of arthropods (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

Answer 81

- allows certain substances to enter/ exit while preventing others - hydrophobic fatty acids help things move through easy... like - lipid soluble & non polar materials flow through easy e.g. drugs, hormones, vitamins - polar molecules & ions need help getting thru

Answer 82

is when a substance moves across the membrane without the cell using energy. 1) when things move down their CONCENTRATION GRADIENT 2) can also be facilitated by PROTEINS

Answer 83

when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration UNTIL the concentration is EQUAL - no assistance needed (mom I got this) - non-polar, uncharged small particles enter / exit the cell this way.

Answer 84

1) CONCENTRATION GRADIANT (the greater the difference, the faster the diffusion rate) 2) the MASS of particles diffusing ( the smaller the particle, the faster the diffusion) 3) TEMPERATURE (the higher the temp, the faster the diffusion rate) 4) DENSITY (the denser the solvent, the SLOWER the diffusion)

Answer 85

Energy and structure

Answer 86

-If a fatty acid chain has the MAX number of hydrogens on each carbon atom, it is SATURATED. *rigid, packed tightly, solid at room temp -If fatty acid chain has FEWER than the max number of hydrogens on each carbon, its UNSATURATED *flexible, fluid, allow for room, liquid at room temp *two lines between carbon means unsaturated *if ONE double bond, called MONOSATURATED. If MULTIPLE double bonds, polyunsaturated *HEALTHY because they remain fluid within your body and ensure cell membranes are flexible -Trans-fats UNHEALTHY *CIS-FATS = unsaturated fats that have the H on the same side *TRANS-FATS = unsaturated fats where H atoms are OPPOSITE each other. Illegal in Canada

Answer 87

fusion of unique gametes creates unique offspring

Answer 88

genetic differences (mutations) and reproductions make individuals variable -those that are better suited to their environment will thrive while those that are not will die populations adapt to their environment over many generations (natural selection)

Answer 89

ONLY populations (by the definition given)

Answer 90

some germs are drug resistant, antibiotics kill all bacteria (even good bacteria), stop taking antibiotics, now the drug resistant bacteria grows and takes over, giving some qualities to other bacteria

Answer 91

- Life can increase in size and change form/shape over time - Genetic information (stored as DNA) codes for specific developmental processes as a life form ages - Life is not static -not all genes turned on at the same time

Answer 92

• the ability for an organism to maintain constant internal conditions required for life • All life has a limited range of environmental conditions in which it can survive - takes a lot of energy and effort to stay within these conditions - body responding to minor fluctuations

Answer 93

No, you are not *technically* alive unless you have all characteristics of life

Answer 94

All life requires energy in order to allow for cellular processes to take place

Answer 95

inorganic, organic

Answer 96

collect inorganic forms of energy auto = can get energy without using other life forms troph = (eating) can use other forms of energy*

Answer 97

collect organic forms of energy hetero = gets energy from another life form troph (eating)

Answer 98

life is organized atom (very small) -> Earth (very large)

Answer 99

the smallest organization of life - the basic unit of matter - example: calcium, hydrogen, oxygen - made of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons)

Answer 100

more than one atom bonded together, changing their chemical properties example: water, iron, potassium chloride

Answer 101

large molecules made of many smaller molecules

Answer 102

large molecules

Answer 103

small molecules

Answer 104

cellular structures made up of macromolecules with a specific function little organ, each allow a cell to do their job example: mitochondrion, lysosome, nucleolus

Answer 105

the smallest unit of life, can be simple or complex

Answer 106

simple cell - does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles example: bacteria, blue-green algae

Answer 107

complex cells - have organelles, organized in chromosomes example: plants, animals, protists, fungi

Answer 108

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in a multicellular organism example: connective tissues, nervous tissues

Answer 109

structures composed of different tissue types that perform specific functions in a multicellular organism example: bones, heart

Answer 110

composed of different organs working together for a particular function within multicellular organisms example: respiratory, digestive

Answer 111

complex life forms made up of various tissues, organs, and/or organ systems example: sponge, jellyfish

Answer 112

1. oxygen atom 2. DNA molecule 3. Plant cell 4. Muscle Tissue 5. Circulatory System

Answer 113

the study of the natural world

Answer 114

any learned information from direct observation about the natural world

Answer 115

allow us to better understand nature, to predict and interpret its events

Answer 116

the world that we observe

Answer 117

the scientific method

Answer 118

observable and measurable

Answer 119

through observation and experimentation, separation of the observer and observed

Answer 120

Follows steps

Answer 121

1. Observations are made 2. A question is asked 3. A hypothesis is proposed 4. An experiment and its predictions are designed 5. Results are analyzed; hypothesis is supported or refuted 6. Results are communicated through peer- reviewed scientific journals

Answer 122

they tend to be qualitative or quantitative in nature

Answer 123

not supported

Answer 124

quality, colour/texture

Answer 125

quantitative

Answer 126

numbers, how much, how many, typically the focus, easy to work with

Answer 127

no, observations are not logic/theory, they are measurable/reliable data

Answer 128

possible and testable explanations of specific observations, either supported or refuted through experimentation

Answer 129

variables "change one variable, see the other variable change"

Answer 130

the variable that is manipulated`

Answer 131

the variable that is measured (the thing you expect to change)

Answer 132

groups experimental, control

Answer 133

the independent variable will be manipulated, can have multiple

Answer 134

no variables manipulated

Answer 135

kept the same across all groups, may disrupt the data if they are different between groups example: sex, age, temperature, location

Answer 136

causation - simple collection of data and formation of a conclusion results in causation

Answer 137

Experiments

Answer 138

if a variable is manipulated and this causes a change in another variable - almost entirely supported through experimentation, not simple observation

Answer 139

when two variables seem to change together in data sets • This does NOT mean that one variable is the cause of change • Data is simply collected; no manipulation or experimentation is done, no variables controlled

Answer 140

when other scientists analyze and evaluate the findings, checking for inconsistencies and errors before publication • Once published, other scientists often attempt to reproduce the findings to confirm their validity

Answer 141

statements that can be tested through experimentation • These are made every day by non-scientists and are not tested, yet are accepted

Answer 142

the ability to understand the scientific process and its validity and recognize false claims

Answer 143

explanations of natural phenomena that are accepted and supported by the scientific community as a whole - formed by accumulating data from various fields by various scientists over time example: evolution, big bang

Answer 144

- Reductionistic in nature • Separates the subject from its context, often placing them in simplified and controllable experimental environments • Social faith in science led to full trust in science and influence into social theory • Led to further racism, eugenics

Answer 145

- Holistic • observations and knowledges about the natural world gained through observation and experimentation and passed on orally for millennia by local communities • Much more holistic, does not separate the observer from the subject, or the sacred from the empirical • Current renewed surge for respect and appreciation for sustainability, conservation, and symbiotic lens of many Indigenous sciences

Answer 146

everything is made of matter. has Mass and Volume. composed of elements

Answer 147

The smallest component of an element. made up of 3 different subatomic particles: Protons + : Neutrons : Electrons -

Answer 148

Protons and neutrons

Answer 149

how many protons plus neutrons

Answer 150

The number of protons

Answer 151

Electron shells.

Answer 152

1st shell: 2 2nd shell: 8

Answer 153

Form when one atom DONATES one or more electrons with another atom

Answer 154

Cations: when an atom loses an electron it becomes positively charged. Anion: when an atom gains an electron it becomes negatively charged.

Answer 155

When one atom SHARES its electrons with another atom (or multiple). STRONG bond atoms covalently bonded together are called MOLECULES

Answer 156

When electrons are EQUALLY SHARED between atoms

Answer 157

When the electrons shared is UNEQUAL often occurs when a larger atom (bigger atomic number) pulls at the shared electrons more than the others (eg.) H2O. Oxygen which is bigger is pulling at 2 smaller hydrogen atoms

Answer 158

1) Holding together DNA strands 2) Holding together proteins 3) Give water its incredible properties

Answer 159

Weakest type of chemical bond *they do however give proteins their final 3D shape

Answer 160

POLAR so it'll interact with other charged particles

Answer 161

Hydrogen bonds. They break and form constantly

Answer 162

Cohesive Adhesive Solvent Expands (frozen) Stabilizes (temperature)

Answer 163

Molecules speed up The heat (kinetic energy) breaks the hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Answer 164

The water starts to evaporate

Answer 165

-Water (sweat) is secreted onto the skin -The heat from our bodies start to break the hydrogen bonds in the sweat -The water starts to evaporate pulling the heat from our skin (evaporation of sweat)

Answer 166

-When temp decreased LESS hydrogen bonds break and MORE start to form - They form farther apart and its a "lattice-like" structure. Hence why it EXPANDS

Answer 167

The MASS (amount of water molecules) doesn't change but the VOLUME (space it takes up) does. Which means its DENSITY (mass divided by volume) lowers and is therefore less dense than water itself. which makes it floaty

Answer 168

Dissolving agent

Answer 169

Dissolved substances

Answer 170

Water is a Solvent because it is POLAR and wants to react with other charged particles....Which makes a SOLUTION

Answer 171

When a solute is dropped into a solvent, the solvents negatively charged ions will wrap around the positive ions of the solute

Answer 172

Any solution in which water is the solvent

Answer 173

Breaks into Hydrogen ions (H+) Forms into Hydroxide ions (OH-)

Answer 174

1.Primary Structure: like a line of beads 2. Secondary Structure: alpha helix (swirly robbon) or beta sheet (flolded sheet of paper) 3. Tertiary Structure: 3D squigle 4. Quaternary Structure: several polypeptide chains interacting - 3D

Answer 175

-If two amino acids are linked together, we call this a peptide bond -amino acids are linked together via dehydration reaction -long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides

Answer 176

It is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein -proteins differ from each other in terms of how many and which amino acids are present and in which order

Answer 177

It is the initial folding pattern -as the R-groups of the various amino acids begin to interact, the polypeptide will fold -the two common secondary structures are ALPHA HELICES and BETA SHEETS *Hydrogen bonding are often responsible for these patterns

Answer 178

It is the unique 3D structure of a protein -as the sheets and helices of a polypeptide begin to interact, R-groups form ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions *Hydrophobic R-groups lay inside protein *Hydrophilic R-groups lay on outside

Answer 179

It is interactions between several polypeptide chains -Most proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains interacting with each other

Answer 180

-They store our genetic info as DNA or RNA -DNA > Chromosomes > Genes -The sequence of nucleic acids monomers directly code for amino acid sequences of proteins

Answer 181

Strands of nucleotide monomers

Answer 182

They are linked lengthwise at sugar and phosphate, with bases to one side. Three parts: 1. Five-carbon sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogenous base

Answer 183

- occurs PASSIVELY with help - substance travels down concentration gradient - INTEGRAL PROTEINS help with this. - no ATP used - polar, charged, larger molecules enter/exit this way.

Answer 184

- passive transport of water. - diffusion of water down its concentration gradient - will move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.

Answer 185

the amount of solutes in a solution

Answer 186

higher concentration of solutes (compared to another solution)

Answer 187

lower concentration of solution (compared to another solution)

Answer 188

equal concentration of solute

Answer 189

water will leave the cell, the cell will shrink (losing both volume and mass)

Answer 190

water will enter the cell, the cell will grow in both volume and pass

Answer 191

- water moved equally in both directions. - constant flow of water in and out - water will move back and forth across the membrane, maintaining the cell shape

Answer 192

water will move down its concentration gradient so water will leave the blood cell and flow into the hypertonic salty solution.

Answer 193

because the water is a hypotonic solution compared to the carrot, water will flow down its concentration gradient and move into the carrot. making the carrot grow in mass and volume as the cells central vacuole expanded with water.

Answer 194

- when (ATP) energy is required to transport a substance. - particles travel UP their concentration gradient. or - large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane as a form of transport

Answer 195

to maintain the concentration gradient. e.g. you have more sodium outside the cell than inside the cell, but you want to keep pushing sodium out... >> particles move UP their concentration gradient but you want it that way. takes cellular energy

Answer 196

- form of active transport -moves particles INTO the cell - the membrane folds and forms a pocket around the particle. - vesicle full of particle enters the cell and carries stuff where its gotta go

Answer 197

- form of endocytosis - brings LARGE particles into the cell. e.g. white blood cells enveloping bacteria

Answer 198

- form of endocytosis - target binds to proteins on receptor, initiating endocytosis

Answer 199

- form of endocytosis - brings in SMALL particles into cell - cell is drinking all the particles in a solution.. - like a pinocolada hehe - e.g. Salt

Answer 200

- when the cell sends something out of the cell -vesicles fuse with he plasma membrane to send out stuff. - opposite of endocytosis

Answer 201

passive transport: - things move DOWN their concentration gradient. - no energy required Active transport: - things move UP their concentration gradient - requires energy

Answer 202

SIMPLE DIFFUSION: - no assistance needed - non-polar, uncharged small particles use simple diffusion. FACILITATED DIFFUSION: - uses integral proteins to move substances - polar, charged, and large molecules use facilitated difusion

Answer 203

- when you want to maintain the concentration gradient.. - e.g. when more potassium exists in the cell than outside, but you want to keep on bringing potassium into the cell.

Answer 204

its a form of endocytosis where large particles are engulfed by the cell membrane and brought into the cell via a vacuole

Everything up until the 1st midterm Flashcards

(232 cards)