Lab Exam #2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What is a genotype?
A
A specific combinations of alleles that an individual possesses for a particular gene.
2
Q
What is a phenotype?
A
The physical expression of those alleles.
genotype : the colour the plant could be
phenotype: the colour it is expressing “showing”
3
Q
What is Heterozygous?
A
Bb. Containing both alleles
4
Q
What is Homozygous?
A
BB/bb. Containing the same alleles. Either Dominant or recessive dominant
5
Q
What are recessive alleles?
A
Only expressed in the absence of the dominant alleles.
aa
6
Q
What are dominant alleles?
A
Always expressed if present. The dominant allele represses the recessive allele.
7
Q
What are genes?
A
Stretched of DNA on the chromosome that code for particular traits.
gene for flower colour
8
Q
What are alleles?
A
The different version of the given gene.
alleles for flower colour could be yellow or red
9
Q
The esophagus is what to the trachea?
A
Posterior/ dorsal
10
Q
The liver is what to the diaphragm?
A
Inferior
11
Q
The abdominal aorta is what to the kidneys?
A
medial
12
Q
The urinary bladder is what to the rectum?
A
Anterior
13
Q
The pancreas is what to the left descending colon?
A
Superior
14
Q
When the diaphragm contracts down what do the lungs do?
A
They expand (air pulls in)
15
Q
Where does gas exchange in the lungs?
A
The millions of tiny alveoli (simple squamous)
16
Q
What vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart? and to what chamber?
A
Superior vena cava to the right atrium
17
Q
What vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart? and to what chamber?
A
Inferior vena cava to the right atrium
18
Q
What vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
A
The pulmonary trunk that branches into the pulmonary arteries
19
Q
What vessel carries oxygenated blood to the body?
A
The aorta
20
Q
Where are the renal arteries and veins in the body?
A
The kidneys
21
Q
Where are the hepatic arteries and veins in the body?
A
The liver
22
Q
Where are the pulmonary arteries and veins in the body?
A
coming off the heart to the lungs
23
Q
What do the nasal chonchae do?
A
they make the air turbulent (increase surface area and rapidly warm the air)
24
Q
What does the pharynx do?
A
It connects the nasal cavity with the larynx
25
What does the larynx do?
makes sound (voice box)
26
What does the epiglottis do?
Protects food from going down the trachea
27
What separates the right and left ventricles?
interventricular septum (SEPTUM)
28
What are the names of the valves between the atria and the ventricles?
Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
29
What are the names of the valves between the ventricles and the blood vessels?
R Ventricle to pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semi-lunar valve (semi-lunar valve)
L Ventricle to the aorta Aortic semi-lunar valve (semi-lunar valve)
30
What type of epithelium would you find in the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the trachea. the trachea itself is made out of hyaline cartilage
31
What is the fancy name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes. Small biconcave disks (alot of them)
32
What is the fancy name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes. bigger contain and nucleus (not that many of them)
33
The lungs are what to the heart?
Lateral
34
The eyes are what to the ears?
medial
35
The bellybutton is what to the stomach?
Anterior
36
What plane would separate the right and left lungs?
Mid-Sagittal
37
What plane would separate the lungs from the liver?
Transverse
38
What plane would separate the trachea from the esophagus?
Frontal
39
What does the liver produce?
Bile
40
Where is bile stored and secreted from?
Gall bladder
41
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine called?
don't. jump. in
BIIIITCH
1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ilium
42
How long is the duodenum?
first 25cm of the small intestine
43
Where does the majority of digestion happen?
duodenom
44
what leads into the cecum?
The ilium
45
What little segment is found on the cecum?
The appendix
46
What is urine made out of?
Filtered blood
47
What transports unine to the bladder?
Ureters
48
What would you find in the renal cortex?
nephrons
49
Where would you find the collecting duct in a kidney?
Renal medulla
50
What does the loop of henle do?
reabsorbs additional water and salt from urine
51
What does the bowman's capsule collect filtrate from?
Glomerulus
52
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
Reabsorbs water, salts, and nutrients
53
What does the distol convoluted tubule do?
sodium and chloride are reabsorbed.
potassium is ACTIVELY secreted from peritubular capillaries into the urine
54
what are the names of the capillaries that surround the convoluted tubules and what do they do?
Peritubular capillaries. they take up water and solutes, also secrete additional waste
55
What surrounds the loop of henle?
Vasa recta
56
What type of epithelium would you find in the esophagus and why?
Stratified squamous for protection
57
What type of muscle would you find surrounding the esophagus and why?
Smooth muscle. involuntarily contracts (peristolsis)
58
What is the name of that one spot in the kidneys where the arteries and veins and ureters go in and out of?
Hilum
59
once the urine leaves the renal medullas where does it go?
Renal pelvis
60
What does a cell in interphase look like?
Clear nucleolus inside a nucleus. foggy chromatin
61
What does a cell in early prophase look like?
no nucleolus. Chromosomes form. centriole visible
62
What does late prophase look like?
2 centrioles visible. chromosomes making their way to the middle.
63
What does metaphase look like?
Centrioles on either side of the cell. chromosomes along the medial line attached to centrioles by spindle fibers
64
What does anaphase look like?
Cell is elongating. centrioles pulling the chromosomes to either side.
65
What does telophase look like?
Cell is starting to pinch at the middle. 2 nuclei form, 1 on either side.
66
What is cytokineses?
The splitting on new cells
67
In plants where does continuous growth happen?
occurs at the tips of the plant roots and shoots called (Meristems)
Constantly undergoing cellular division
68
How long does it take a plant cell to complete the mitosis cycle?
16 hours
69
Where is the meristem region found in an onion root tip?
Under the root cap and epidermal layer and ABOVE the maturation region. see lab for photo
70
What is the field size at x1000 when using the field size at x400(450um)?
400 divided by 1000 x 450 = 180um
71
What is the typical length of an onion root cell?
20um
72
How do you calculate the % of cells in prophase if 108 cells were in prophase out of 780 cells?
108 divided by 780 x 100 = 13.9%
73
Calculate how long (min) it took 108 cells in prophase (13.9%)?
13.9 divided by 100 x 16 hours = 2.2 h
now to convert that into minutes.
0.2 h x 60 min divided by 1 h = 12 minutes.
answer: 2 hr 12 minutes
74
Which phase do meristem cells in an onion root tip spend the most time in?
Interphase
75
What happens during interphase?
DNA replication, growth
76
If you found 22 red blood cells within cell (180um) how would you determine the size of the red blood cell?
(COME BACK TO THIS ONE I THINK I FUCKED SOMETHING UP)
180um divided by 22 RBC = 8.2 um
77
What would a blood smear look like for a person with leukemia?
The white blood cells are mutated (all bent out of shape)
78
What is leukemia?
Blood cancer. white blood cells are dividing rapidly
79
If 2 parents do NOT express a trait but their child does, then the trait bust be ?????
Recessive
2 non blond parents have a blonde child
80
If 2 parents express a trait but their child does not, then the trait must be??????
Dominant
2 black haired parents have a non black haired child
i still dont fucking get this
81
Humans have 23 pairs of what?
Homologous chromosomes
82
Each chromosomes contain a variety of what?
Genes
83
Variants of characters are referred to as ??
Alleles
84
Where would you find something with Co-dominance?
Blood type. both alleles are equally expressed rather than one being repressed by the other
85
What alleles code for type A or type B?
IA & IB (the a and b are small though)
86
Blood types and their antigens.
not really a question i just wanted to type this out
Type A (A antigens)
Type B (B antigens)
Type AB (A&B antigens)
Type O (no antigens)
87
What is type O blood?
Homozygous recessive. ii
(ii) genotype
88
What are some examples of lipids in the human body?
Fat (adipose tissue) Myelin sheath around neurons. lipid based hormones
89
Are lipids polar or non polar?
non polar
90
What is an easy test to test for proteins?
Biuret reagent test (SPECIFICALLY THE PEPTIDE BONDS). Its blue in colour. If you test and get a drastic colour chance that means you have a positive result for proteins. if no colour change then negative result and no proteins.
91
What are some examples of proteins in the body?
Collagen, Enzymes (RNA primase, DNA polymerase), muscle fiber, albumin
92
What bonds are present in protein?
peptide bonds
93
In a solution of "free amino acids" will a biurets test show?
Negative result. Biurets test looks for peptide bonds and their is non in free amino acids.
94
Is the biurets test sensitive?
YES
95
What are some examples of carbohydrates (simple sugars) in the body?
glucose, fructose, monosaccharides.
96
What is a simple test to test for carbohydrates?
Benedict reagent test. blue in colour. If the colour changes drastically then it is a positive result to carbohydrates. if the colour stays blue it is a negative result.
97
Is the Benedicts test sensitive?
NO
98
How do you test for complex carbohydrates? (starch)
Iodine solution test. yellow/ orange in colour. positive result if the colour changes dark blue/black. negative result if the colour stays the same
99
What are some other examples of complex carbohydrates in animals and plants?
Cellulose, glycogen, chitin
100
Is the iodine test sensitive?
NO
101
How to calculate the amount of complex carbs present?
Total carbs (8g) - total sugars (7g simple sugar) = 1g complex carbs.
102
Will 1g of complex carbs make a positive result in an iodine test?
probably not. this test is not very sensitive.
103
Where does the digestion of complex carbs (starch) begin in your body?
The mouth. Saliva contains the enzyme (amylase) which breaks down complex carbs to simple sugars via hydrolysis
104
Why did we incubate the amylase test for 10 minutes in warm water (37 C) before testing it?
It gave time for the enzyme to react and speed up the reaction. the temperature made it so the enzyme was in its optimal condition for reacting
105
Why did the amylase + starch solution react like the benedicts test?
Because the amylase broke down the starch into simple sugars which is what the benedicts test was testing for
106
Why did the amylase +starch solution test not react like the iodine test?
The iodine test tested for complex carbs. the amylase breaks down complex carbs into simple sugars so it wouldn't test positive for complex carbs
107
Why do crackers taste sweet if you leave them in your mouth for awhile?
Amylase breaks down complex carbs (Starches) into sugar
108
How many calories for 1 gram of carbohydrates?
4 cal
109
How many calories for 1 gram of protein?
4 cal
110
How many calories for 1 gram of fat?
9 cal
111
How to calculate the % of calories?
Amount of cal for your macronutrient divided by the total cal of the product x 100%
(eg) 40 cal divided by 260 cal x 100% = 15.5% of that product is said macronutrient
112
What macronutrient give you more energy? protein, carbs, lipids
Lipids (fats) have more cal/g
