Evidence based medicine

Question 1

Evidence base medicine definition

Answer 1

-conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

Question 2

Lowest ranking of research evidence

Answer 2

• expert or specialty group onions

- editorials

Question 3

Middle ranking of research evidence

Answer 3

• RCT
• experiment
• cohort study
• case reports/series

Question 4

Highest level of research evidence

Answer 4

• meta-analysis

- systematic review

Question 5

Meta-analysis

Answer 5

-statistical method that combines data from multiple studies resulting in higher statistical power and a single conclusion

Question 6

Gold standard for gathering research and evidence for EBM

Answer 6

meta-analysis

Question 7

Systematic review

Answer 7

• type of literature review that identifies, selects, and analyzes multiple research articles
• specific methodlogy
• studies ranked from Grade A (best evidence) to D (poor evidence)

Question 8

What happens when systematic review is completed

Answer 8

-acceptable studies are pooled together and statistical testing of data (meta-analysis) is performed

Question 9

Randomized Controlled Trial

Answer 9

• assigned either control or treatment group
• some use double-blind design
• experimental studies

Question 10

What is an experimental study

Answer 10

-random subject selection
one placebo or control group
one or more intervention groups

Question 11

Cohort study is a type of what study

Answer 11

prospective study

Question 12

Case report

Answer 12

-detailed report of one patient with disease, includes demographics, sign/sx, diagnosis, response to treatment, etc.

Question 13

Case series

Answer 13

-series of case reports that involves a series of individuals who are given similar treatment

Question 14

Opinions and editorials

Answer 14

• biased and not based on solid evidence

- weakest form of evidence

Question 15

Gold standard database and resource for EBM

Answer 15

Cochrane review

Question 16

CINAHL

Answer 16

worlds largest source of full-text nursing adn allied health journals

Question 17

Grades of research evidence

Answer 17

-A best

B, C, D (poor)

Question 18

What grade of research is double-blind RCT considered

Answer 18

Grade A

Question 19

Strongest level of evidence would include words such as

Answer 19

meta analysis
-systematic review
-RCTs
-Cochrane
MEDLINE
CINAHL database

Question 20

Words that would indicate weak evidence

Answer 20

-expert opinion
opinion
editorial

Question 21

Absolute risk reduction (ARR)

Answer 21

measure of difference between two different treatments in terms of their ability to reduce a particular outcome

Question 22

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

Answer 22

measure of how much risk is reduced in the experimental group compared with the control group

Question 23

Number need to treat (NNT)

Answer 23

-number of patients needed to treat to avoid one bad outcome

Question 24

Positive predictive value (PPV)

Answer 24

-probability that a person with positive screening will have the disease

Question 25

Negative predictive value (NPV)

Answer 25

-probability that a person with a negative test result does not have the disease

Question 26

Herd immunity

Answer 26

-refers to resistance to a disease in a large number of people in the population

Question 27

Health

Answer 27

-state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

Question 28

Horizontal transmission

Answer 28

- transmission from one individual to another | - HIV transmission through sexual intercourse

Question 29

Vertical transmission

Answer 29

-transmission of agent from mother to infant

Question 30

Endemic

Answer 30

refers to baseline level of particular disease in a population

Question 31

Epidemic

Answer 31

rapid increase of disease in a population that involves a large number of people

Question 32

Pandemic

Answer 32

epidemic that occurs over a very large area | -involves large proportion of the global population

Question 33

Morbidity

Answer 33

illness or any departure from physical and/or mental health

Question 34

Mortality

Answer 34

death

Question 35

Infant mortality

Answer 35

-infant deaths per 100,000 live births

Question 36

Sensitivity

Answer 36

-ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person WITH disease

Question 37

Specificity

Answer 37

ability of a screening test to correctly identify a person WITHOUT disease

Question 38

What level of prevention is setting up a community youth center

Answer 38

primary