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Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

homologus structures

A

similar structure and origin with different function

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2
Q

analogus structures

A

similar function but different origin

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3
Q

vestigial structure

A

structures from ancestors that are useless

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4
Q

biogeography

A

island populations

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5
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains or impressions that remain after a long period of time

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6
Q

embryology

A

similar stages of embryonic development

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7
Q

DNA

A

determines how closely organisms are related- by comparison, traits passed on by generations changed by mutations

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8
Q

divergent evolution

A

the same species can be isolated to different environments, limiting gene flow, to allow for the selection of different traits (homologus structures)

  • two groups of the same species evolve different traits
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9
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated organisms that evolve similar traits due to similar environments or niches they inhabit (analogus structures)

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10
Q

parallel evolution

A

two related organisms, independently evolving on the same paths

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11
Q

What is evolution

A

change over time-process by which modern organisms descended from ancient ones

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12
Q

James hutton

A

forces change earth’s shape, changes are slow, earth is old

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13
Q

Charles Lyell

A

geographical features can be built up or torn down

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14
Q

Lamarck’s theory

A

tendency towards perfection (giraffe neck), use and disuse (birds using forearms), inheritance of acquired traits

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15
Q

Thomas malthus

A

if population grew=insufficient living space, food runs out (more babies born than die idea that Darwin applied to animals)

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16
Q

what do organisms with homologus structures have that organisms with analogus structures don’t have

A

a common ancestor

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17
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional breeding for certain traits-human preference could be a simulation for how it would play out

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18
Q

natural selection

A

process by which traits become more or less common in a population based on its importance to survival where the environment controls these factors

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19
Q

what are the five points of natural selection

A

populations has variations, some variations are favourable, more offspring are produced than survive, those that survive have favourable traits, a population will change over time

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20
Q

what is an adaptation

A

structure, behaviour, or physiological process that help an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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21
Q

mimicry

A

the ability to mimic something you’re not; organisms mimicking another organism to appear like a more harmful species to have predators avoid it

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22
Q

what is a variation

A

structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals of a species

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23
Q

what determines whether a variation has a positive or negative effect

Study These Flashcards
A

the environment

24
Q

what is microevolution

Study These Flashcards
A

change in the frequency of a gene pool in a small scale–happens from one generation to another

25
what does a mutation do
invites new alleles to a population
26
what is a gene pool
the different genes in an interbreeding population
27
what is fitness
reproductive success and how apt an organism is at surviving
28
gene flow (migration)
gene flow occurs between two different interbreeding populations that have different allele frequencies
29
non-random mating
individuals in a population select mates based on their phenotypes
29
genetic drift
random change in genetic variation due to CHANCE
30
genetic drift: bottleneck
when a severe event results in a drastic reduction in numbers BY CHANCE (ex. seal population decreases bc of overhunting)
31
genetic drift: founder
when a few individuals from a large population leave to establish a new population with different allele frequency than the original population
32
types of natural selection
sexual selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection
33
sexual selection
favours the selection of any trait that influences the mating success of the individual
34
stabilizing selection
removes severe phenotypes, reproductive success of the normal phenotypes
35
directional selection
extreme phenotype is favoured over normal phenotypes.
36
disruptive selection
extreme values of a trait are favoured over intermediate ones, variance of trait is increased and divided into 2 distinct groups
37
macroevolution
evolution of a geological time of groups larger than one individual, new species arise
38
the process by which a new species arrives
speciation
39
biological species
group of organisms that can reproduce with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring
40
allopatric speciation
occurs when geographical barriers divide a population - geographical: most important factor in starting speciation - physical/behavioural changes: keep the two species isolated from each other
41
reproductive speciation
any factor in nature that prevents interbreeding - extrinsic: outside of the organisms (geographical) - intrinsic: internal characteristics (differences in anatomy, physiology, and behaviour)
42
what are the 6 intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms?
ecological temporal behavioural mechanical gametic hybrid inviability
43
ecological isolation
different habitats for two species prevent interbreeding (lions=grasslands, tigers=jungles)
44
temporal isolation
two species share the same environment, but don't mate within the same time frame (ex. two plants release pollen at different times of the year, non-overlapping reproductive periods reduces gene flow)
45
behavioural isolation
even if populations are in contact and breeding can occur, they have to CHOOSE to mate based on SPECIFIC COURTSHIP AND MATING DISPLAYS
46
mechanical isolation
reproductive organs differ in size or shape or another feature (ex. diff species of alpine butterflies look similar but have different reproductive organs)
47
gametic isolation
even with mating, incompatibilities between the sperm and egg/female reproductive tract can prevent offspring from resulting
48
hybrid inability or infertility
even if offspring develop they're most likely sterile or malformed (ex. mule=horse and donkey)
49
sympatric speciation
occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with each other, and all members are in close proximity to each other a new species seems to develop spontaneously through a new food source, characteristic, etc. occurs often through polyploidy
50
polyploidy
multiplication of number of chromosomes in an organism, most often occurs in plants that self-pollinate
51
speciation through hybridization
egg and sperm come together and rarely produce a healthy offspring (hybridization is only sometimes successful in plant species)
52
generalists vs specialists
g: diverse diet, when the food source changes generalists move on and eat something else s: specific diet even when food is scarce, when the food source changes specialists must adapt or face death
53
adaptive radiation
rapid emergence of a single species introduced into a new environment
54
what conditions contribute to speciation
specialization of food source and migration to new environment, especially if there is no competition
55
phyletic gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium
pg: gradual, small changes pe: long periods of stasis with little to no evolution interrupted by short periods of rapid evolution

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