Evolution

Question 1

biogenesis

Answer 1

life gives rise to life

Question 2

spontaneous generation

Answer 2

life can grow from nonliving things

Question 3

what did Redi’s Experiment disprove?

Answer 3

spontaneous generation of larger macromolecules

Question 4

what did Spallanzani’s Experiment disprove?

Answer 4

disproved spontaneous generation of microbes

Question 5

what did Pasteur’s Experiment disprove?

Answer 5

disproved spontaneous generation at the microbe level

Question 6

formation of Earth

Answer 6

cosmic debris collided (4.6 billion years)

Question 7

Earth’s age

Answer 7

4.2 billion - earth cooled enough for solid rock to form

Question 8

Radioactive (Radiometric) Dating

Answer 8

the time required for 1/2 of a sample to decoy (half life)

Question 9

what were the first prokaryotes and what did they evolve into? (anaerobic or aerobic, prokaryote or eukaryotic, auto or heterotroph)

Answer 9

1. anaerobic, prokaryote, heterotroph
2. anaerobic, prokaryote, autotroph
3. aerobic, prokaryote, autotroph

Question 10

chemosynthesis

Answer 10

the process of creating organic molecules, used for energy from inorganic chemicals

Question 11

fossil

Answer 11

evidence to the existence of an organism

Question 12

trace fossils

Answer 12

bike tracks, footsteps; temporary

Question 13

imprint fossils

Answer 13

in sedimentary rock, photograph looking; shallow impression

Question 14

mold fossil

Answer 14

deep impression; foot in concrete

Question 15

cast fossil

Answer 15

replica of organism that creates a mold fossil

Question 16

petrified fossil

Answer 16

takes shape of object replaced, turned to stone

Question 17

amber

Answer 17

dried sap, preserves organisms

Question 18

law of superposition

Answer 18

relative dating; oldest fossils at bottom, youngest fossils at top

Question 19

lamark’s explanation

Answer 19

first to mention organisms change over time
proposed “acquired traits” something that happens to someone during lifetime is passed down
proposed “use and disuse”
proved incorrect

Question 20

darwin’s theories

Answer 20

genes mix among sexually reproducing organisms
changes can occur by chance, by transfer, or natural selection

Question 21

adaptation

Answer 21

an inherited trait which can increase the chance of survival

Question 22

fitness

Answer 22

the ability to respond to the pressure of natural selection

Question 23

what evidence is there to support evolution?

Answer 23

homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigal structures, embryotic development, and similarities in macromolecules

Question 24

homologous structures

Answer 24

same structure, different function (different animals having the same structure)

Question 25

analogous structures

Answer 25

different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)

Question 26

analogous structures

Answer 26

different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)

Question 27

vestigal structures

Answer 27

no longer used in current organisms, used in ancestors

Question 28

similarities in macromolecules

Answer 28

common genes, proteins between different species more common genes = close common ancestor

Question 29

coevolution

Answer 29

two species change in response to each other

Question 30

convergent

Answer 30

the environment can cause similarities among organisms that live there (does not mean they become one species)

Question 31

divergent

Answer 31

changes to environment/mutations cause species to become distinct species form each other

Question 32

adaptive radiation

Answer 32

a type of microevolution that brings changes with a certain population

Question 33

artificial selection

Answer 33

mates are selected for particular traits and cause those traits to be selected for by the environment

Question 34

gene pool

Answer 34

represent all of the genes/alleles available in a population

Question 35

in order to maintain genetic equilibrium, what rules must be followed?

Answer 35

large population, random mating, no emigration or immigration, no mutations, and no natural selection

Question 36

3 types of natural selection?

Answer 36

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

Question 37

population bottleneck

Answer 37

when a large population drops in size and then rebuilds itself to its original size (originally the population was diverse, however after rebuilding it lacks diversity)

Question 38

founder effect

Answer 38

when a small group relocates away from the larger population

Question 39

genetic drift

Answer 39

random allele changes due to chance

Question 40

speciation

Answer 40

creation of a new species

Question 41

prezygotic mechanisms

Answer 41

geographical, seasonal/temperal, ecological, behavioral, structural

Question 42

postzygotic mechanisms

Answer 42

hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, hybrid break down

Question 43

hybrid infertility

Answer 43

prevents blending of a species

Question 44

hybrid inviability

Answer 44

two organisms create a zygote, but it doesn't form

Question 45

hybrid break down

Answer 45

will slowly end the pedigree