Evolution

Question 1

Who conceived the Scala Naturae, or “ladder of life”?

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

What is the ladder of life?

Answer 2

chain of being, with simple organisms at bottom and more complex at top
each viewed as fixed in place; unchanging

Question 3

What happen during the age of exploration?

Answer 3

16th century European explorers traveled globe
explosion of new plants and animals brought back and the ladder of life was being challenged

Question 4

What is biogeography?

Answer 4

worldwide distribution of plants and animals

Question 5

Evolution of major animal groups _________________ on the Earth

Answer 5

correlated with known changes in the distribution of land masses

Question 6

First mammals arose ______ when Australia was still connected

Answer 6

225 mya

Question 7

________ mammals arose 80 mya after Australia separated

Answer 7

Placental

Question 8

Australia has __ large, terrestrial placental mammals

Answer 8

no

Question 9

_________ structures in different species suggested relationships

Answer 9

homologous

Question 10

What does the arm of a human, a turtle leg, and bat wing have in common?

Answer 10

all have same bones in same basic pattern

Question 11

What does the homologous structures in different species suggested?

Answer 11

strongly suggests modification from common ancestor (anatomical homology)

Question 12

Homologous bones example and suggest?

Answer 12

bird and bat wing; evolved from common ancestor

Question 13

Analagous wings example and suggest?

Answer 13

bird and insect wing; evolved from different tissues for similar function

Question 14

______ fossils usually in bottom (oldest) sediment layers; more ________ near top

Answer 14

simplest; complex

Question 15

Grand Canyon shows results of ____ million years of sedimentation, eroded by Colorado River

Answer 15

40

Question 16

What did the “Fishapod” (Tiktaalik roseae) show?

Answer 16

Illuminates steps leading to evolution of tetrapods

Question 17

What type of fossil was the “Fishapod”?

Answer 17

Transitional form

Question 18

What is a transitional form?

Answer 18

provides link between earlier and later forms

Question 19

What did Jean Baptiste de Lamarck do and what did he call it?

Answer 19

first person to propose mechanism of evolutionary change; “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”

Question 20

Lamarck thought changes resulting from ________ could be inherited

Answer 20

use or disuse

Question 21

Lamarck idea is now a __________ idea

Answer 21

discredited

Question 22

What did Darwin observe?

Answer 22

fossils of extinct species similar to existing species in same areas–suspected descent from ancestor

Question 23

Darwin noted _____ among individuals in populations of the ________

Answer 23

variation; same species

Question 24

Darwin reasoned that any difference that provides an _______ in gaining resource will enhance ______________

Answer 24

advantage; survival and reproduction

Question 25

What are the 2 critical ideas that led to the theory of evolution?

Answer 25

variation among individuals
competition for limited resources

Question 26

What are Darwins 4 postulates?

Answer 26

1. variation exists among individuals that make up a population
2. Some of the trait differences are heritable
3. Survival and reproductive success is highly variable
4. The subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample. Some are more likely to survive and reproduce than others.

Question 27

Natural Selection is the __________________

Answer 27

main mechanism of evolution

Question 28

differential survival and reproduction as a result of __________________

Answer 28

variation among individuals

Question 29

traits that improve survival & reproduction in a given environment are called __________

Answer 29

adaptations

Question 30

____________ is now known to be a change over time in the genetic composition of a population

Answer 30

evolution

Question 31

Key difference from Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics is what?

Answer 31

populations evolve, not individuals

Question 32

_________ is the raw material for natural selection

Answer 32

variation

Question 33

new variations arise from _______

Answer 33

mutations

Question 34

individuals vary due to ___________

Answer 34

genetic recombination

Question 35

What are some genetic recombination?

Answer 35

crossing over
independent assortment of alleles
fertilization and sexual reproduction

Question 36

alleles shuffled when making gametes; no _______________

Answer 36

two individuals alike

Question 37

individuals have a __________ (Think genes)

Answer 37

genotype

Question 38

populations have a __________(Think genes)

Answer 38

gene pool

Question 39

__________ by humans for specific traits in plants and animals has revealed ____________

Answer 39

selection; genetic variation

Question 40

Darwin reasoned that ___________, acting over vast spans of time, could _________________

Answer 40

natural selection; produce tremendous variation

Question 41

What are the 3 different types of selections in the environment?

Answer 41

stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection

Question 42

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 42

selection favors average phenotypes over extremes

Question 43

What is directional selection?

Answer 43

selection favors phenotypes at one extreme or the other

Question 44

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 44

both extremes favored over intermediates

Question 45

What is the most common way a new species arise?

Answer 45

allopatric speciation

Question 46

if individuals disperse to form a ___________, or a ___________ divides a population, each is _______________

Answer 46

new population; geographic barrier; genetically separate

Question 47

if populations diverge enough, may become two _____________

Answer 47

separate species

Question 48

Evolution produces a ____________, not a progressive “ladder”

Answer 48

tree of life