Evolution

Question 1

change in the genetic makeup of a population with time

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

discredited theory that said the new organs or changes occurred because of the needs of an organism (based on the use or disuse of an organ)

Answer 2

Lamarckian evolution

Question 3

Lamarckian evolution: any useful characteristic – in one generation was transmitted to the next generation

Answer 3

acquired

Question 4

Only – of sex cells and not acquired characteristics can be inherited

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

changes acquired during an individual’s life are changes in the – cells

Answer 5

somatic

Question 6

ability to survive and reproduce

Answer 6

fitness

Question 7

environmental pressures – for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce

Answer 7

select

Question 8

more offspring are produced than can survive (insufficient resources to support entire population)

Answer 8

overpopulation

Question 9

offspring naturally show differences or – in their characteristics compared to those of their parents

Answer 9

variations

Question 10

Hugo de Vries suggest that – are the cause of variations

Answer 10

mutations

Question 11

the developing population must – for the necessities of life

Answer 11

compete

Question 12

due to competition, many young must die and the number of adults in the population generally remains – from generation to generation

Answer 12

constant

Question 13

over many generations of natural selection, the favorable changes called – are perpetuated in the species

Answer 13

adaptations

Question 14

accumulation of adaptations eventually results in such significant changes in the gene pool that a new species has –

Answer 14

evolved

Question 15

evolution of new species

Answer 15

speciation

Question 16

species are groups of individuals that can – freely with each other but not with members of other species

Answer 16

interbreed

Question 17

small local populations that form within a species

Answer 17

deme

Question 18

If demes become – speciation may occur

Answer 18

isolated

Question 19

genetic and eventually reproductive isolation often results from the – isolation of a population

Answer 19

geographic

Question 20

when two species from different ancestors develop similar traits

Answer 20

convergent evolution

Question 21

independent evolution of similar traits starting from a similar common ancestor

Answer 21

parallel evolution

Question 22

species with a shared common ancestor develop differing traits due to their differing environments

Answer 22

divergent evolution

Question 23

emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species

Answer 23

adaptive radiation

Question 24

distinct lifestyle

Answer 24

niche

Question 25

includes all members of a particular species inhabiting a given location

Answer 25

population

Question 26

a population's gene pool is the sum total of all the -- for any given trait in a population

Answer 26

alleles

Question 27

relative frequency of a particular allele

Answer 27

gene frequency

Question 28

evolution can be viewed as a result of changing -- within a population

Answer 28

gene frequencies

Question 29

Hardy-Weinberg conditions

Answer 29

large population random mating no mutation, migration, natural selection (genes are equally successful at reproducing)

Question 30

real populations have -- gene pools and migrating populations

Answer 30

unstable

Question 31

agents of microevolutionary change include natural selection, mutation, -- mating, genetic drift, and gene flow

Answer 31

assortive

Question 32

the frequency of favorable genes -- within a gene pool

Answer 32

increases

Question 33

gene mutations change-- in a population, shift gene equilibria by introducing additional alleles

Answer 33

allele frequencies

Question 34

mates are usually selected to criteria such as phenotype and --

Answer 34

proximity

Question 35

changes in gene pool due to chance

Answer 35

genetic drift

Question 36

genetic drift is more pronounced in small populations, where it can be called --

Answer 36

founder effect

Question 37

migration of individuals between populations will result in a loss or gain of genes --> change gene pool

Answer 37

gene flow

Question 38

fossils are -- evidence of evolutionary change

Answer 38

direct

Question 39

fossils are generally found in -- rocks

Answer 39

sedimentary

Question 40

fossil resin of trees

Answer 40

amber

Question 41

process by which minerals replace the cells of an organism

Answer 41

petrification

Question 42

impressions left by an organism (footprints)

Answer 42

imprints

Question 43

form hollow spaces in rocks as the organism within decay

Answer 43

molds

Question 44

formed by minerals deposited in molds

Answer 44

casts

Question 45

primitive arthropod (similar to crabs) which dominated the early Paleozoic era

Answer 45

trilobite

Question 46

dinosaurs related to reptiles and birds that dominated the --era

Answer 46

Mesozoic era

Question 47

dawn horse the size of a fox that ate soft leaves

Answer 47

Eohippus

Question 48

hairy elephants found in Siberian ice

Answer 48

woolly mammoth

Question 49

Saber-tooth tigers preserved in --

Answer 49

asphalt tar pits

Question 50

Archaeopteryx link with reptiles (teeth and scales) and birds (--)

Answer 50

feathers

Question 51

same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins but may have different functions

Answer 51

homologous structures

Question 52

similar functions but may have different evolutionary origins and entirely different patterns of development

Answer 52

analogus structures

Question 53

Similar -- development is evidence of evolution from common ancestors

Answer 53

embryos

Question 54

chemical similarity of -- of different organisms very closely parallels the evolutionary pattern

Answer 54

blood

Question 55

Miller: UV radiation + heat + mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia and -- result in organic compounds

Answer 55

water

Question 56

colloidal protein molecules tend to clump together to form -- a cluster of colloidal molecules surrounded by a shell of water

Answer 56

coacervate droplets

Question 57

a small percentage of coacervate droplets possessing favorable, stable characteristics may have eventually developed into the first --

Answer 57

primitive cells

Question 58

first primitive cells probably possess -- and became capable of reproduction

Answer 58

nucleic acid polymers

Question 59

produce organic compounds from substances in their surroundings

Answer 59

autotrophs

Question 60

the addition of -- to the atmosphere converted the atmosphere from a reducing to an oxidizing one

Answer 60

reducing

Question 61

some molecular oxygen was converted to -- which blocks high-energy radiation

Answer 61

ozone

Question 62

chemosynthetic bacteria

Answer 62

autotrophic anaerobes

Question 63

green plants and photoplankton

Answer 63

autotrophic aerobes