Evolution

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

A permanent change in an organisms genetic information

Question 2

Variation

Answer 2

Differences between individuals which may be structural functional or physiological

Question 3

Adaptations

Answer 3

A structure, behaviour or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 4

Selective pressure

Answer 4

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics

Question 5

Selective advantage

Answer 5

A genetic advantage that improves an organisms chance of survival, usually in a changing environment

Question 6

Survival of the fittest

Answer 6

The organisms in the population with the most genetic advantages from variation are the ones who survive and reproduce

Question 7

Fitness

Answer 7

The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce.

Question 8

Descent with modification

Answer 8

Organisms that survive long enough to reproduce have traits that are good for their environment pass these traits to their offspring

Question 9

Natural selection v artificial selection

Answer 9

Natural selection is the process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with advantageous heritable traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring while artificial selection is when organisms are bred by humans to improve desirable traits (selective pressure)

Question 10

Genetic drift

Answer 10

The change in distribution of alleles due to chance events in a breeding population
Smaller the population less likely it is that the parent gene pool will be reflected in the next generation. Vice versa for large population

Question 11

Gene flow

Answer 11

The net movement of alleles from one population to the other due to the migration of individuals
If organisms come from other populations and mate diversity is increased

Question 12

Sexual selection

Answer 12

Natural selection for mating based, in grneral, on competition between males and choices made by females

Question 13

Natural selection

Answer 13

The process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with advantageous heritable traits survive and reproduce passing their traits to offspring

Question 14

Synpatric speciation

Answer 14

Individuals within a population develop different preferences within the same geographical area

• one section of a population of bees likes starch foods and one likes sugar foods
• behaviour of individuals isolates them from the rest of the population and new niche(habitat role in ecosystem) moves to speciation

Question 15

Allopatric speciation

Answer 15

Occurs when populations become geographically separated (physical barrier from one another
- environmental conditions can cause natural selection to occur differently

Question 16

Cuvier

Answer 16

Studied palentology (fossil evidence)
- theory of catastrophism in which catastrophes result in quick changes in geology and species changes.

Question 17

Hutton

Answer 17

Proposed that geological processes are slow

Darwin said that evolution was slow because of this

Question 18

Lamarick

Answer 18

Organisms become better adapted overtime
- characteristics that were acquired are passed on to offspring
- lost arm… your children will be missing an arm?…no
Darwin was smarter and did not agree

Question 19

Mathus

Answer 19

Wrote an essay stating that plants and animal populations grow faster than their food supply
- Darwin = competition = survival of the fittest

Question 20

Lyell

Answer 20

Had the theory of uniformitarianasm suggesting geological processes are slow and have always been slow (the earth is older than we thought)
This led to Darwins theory that evolution is also a very slow process

Question 21

Homologous

Answer 21

Structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function
Bones in arms and wings

Question 22

Microevolution

Answer 22

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Question 23

Vestigial

Answer 23

A structure that is a reduced version of a structure that was functional in the organisms ancestors (appendix)

Question 24

Analogous

Answer 24

Structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but preform similar functions (bird and bat wing)

Question 25

Embryology

Answer 25

The study of early, pre birth stages of an organisms development

Question 26

Fossil record

Answer 26

The remains and traces of past life that are found in sedimentary rock; it reveals the history of life on earth and the kinds of organisms that were alive in the past

Question 27

Transitional fossil

Answer 27

A fossil that shows intermediary links between groups of organisms and shares common to two now separate groups

Question 28

Biogeography

Answer 28

The study of the past and present geographical distribution of species populations

Question 29

Directional selection

Answer 29

Natural selection that favours the phénotypes at one extreme over another, resulting in the distribution curve of phénotypes shifting in the direction of the extreme

Question 30

Disruptive selection

Answer 30

Natural selection that favours the extremes of a range of phénotypes rather than intermediate phénotypes; this type of selection can result in the elimination of intermediate phénotypes; also known as diversifying selection

Question 31

What is a species?

Answer 31

Organisms interbreed producing viable offspring that can reproduce

Question 32

Prezygotic isolation

Answer 32

``` Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioural isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation ```

Question 33

Postxygotic isolation

Answer 33

Hybrid in viability | Hybrid sterility

Question 34

Hybrid sterility

Answer 34

Offspring are sterile Horse+donkey

Question 35

Hybrid inviability

Answer 35

The zygote dies before fully developing

Question 36

Temporal isolation

Answer 36

Seasonal timing of reproduction eg flowers blooming

Question 37

Mechanical isolation

Answer 37

Do not have right sex parts

Question 38

Gametic isolation

Answer 38

Sperm and egg do not fuse

Question 39

Divergent evolution

Answer 39

A species that was once similar to an ancestral species becomes increasingly distinct

Question 40

Convergent évolution

Answer 40

Analogous structures | Similar traits have independently evolved in different species for same function. Bird and bat wings

Question 41

Adaptive radiation

Answer 41

The diversification of a common ancestor into many different species … due to specialization in a different role ( food source, habitat)

Question 42

Molecular record

Answer 42

DNA sequences of various proteins of more closely related species have a greater correlation (similarity) compared to species that have a more distant anscestor

Question 43

Biogeography evidence

Answer 43

Animals found on islands often resemble animals found on the closest continent Fossils of the same species found on different continents (when they were connected)