Genetics Test

Question 1

Haploid

Answer 1

Single set of chromosomes, are the gametes/ sex cells

Question 2

Diploid

Answer 2

Describes a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
Two sets of chromosomes are the somatic cells

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

One of two or more forms of a gene

Question 4

Plasmid

Answer 4

A circular molecule of DNA that is commonly found in bacteria; used in genetic engineering to manufacture human insulin and other proteins

Question 5

Synapsis

Answer 5

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis1

Question 6

Spindle fibre

Answer 6

A micro tube structure that facilitates the mouvement of chromosomes within a cell

Question 7

Trisomy

Answer 7

The gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non disjunction

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

A diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

Question 9

Somatic cell

Answer 9

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells

Question 10

Non disjunction

Answer 10

The failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis

Question 11

G1 phase of interphase

Answer 11

Rapid growth and cell activity

Question 12

S phase of interphase

Answer 12

DNA synthesis and replication

Question 13

G2 phase of interphase

Answer 13

Cell prepares for division

Question 14

Nucleotide to what

Answer 14

Nucleotide- DNA- gene- chromosome

Question 15

Nucleotides

Answer 15

The individual units of each strand of DNA; composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a base

Question 16

Gene

Answer 16

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed onto offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

Nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes condense, sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

Sister chromatids line up

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

Spindle fibers shorten, sister chromatids pull apart

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

Nuclear envelope appears… cytokinesis

Question 21

Form of gene

Answer 21

Allele

Question 22

Homologous

Answer 22

Similar (same genes) but not identical
1 maternal
1 paternal

Question 23

Sister chromatids

Answer 23

After synthesis, the chromosomes that are attached together are identical

Question 24

Crossing over

Answer 24

Chiasmata; the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 25

Genetic variation

Answer 25

The variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a population of interbreeding individuals

Question 26

Monosomy

Answer 26

Missing a chromosome because of non disjunction

Question 27

Spermatogenesis

Answer 27

Meiosis in male to produce sperm

Question 28

Oogenesis

Answer 28

Meiosis in the woman which produces eggs

Question 29

What cells does meiosis occur in exclusively

Answer 29

Sex cells

Question 30

Somatic cell

Answer 30

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells

Question 31

4 main differences between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 31

One division vs two Produces diploid vs haploid 2 cells produced vs 4

Question 32

Cause of non disjunction

Answer 32

Spindle fibers don't form

Question 33

Karyotype

Answer 33

Photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

Question 34

Karyotype notation

Answer 34

#of chromosomes, sex chromosomes, optional: if missing or having xtra chromosome, where that is ex: 47,XX,+21

Question 35

Karyotype notation for a normal male

Answer 35

46, XY

Question 36

Non invasive prenatal tests

Answer 36

Ultrasound | cfDNA (cell free DNA)

Question 37

Invasive prenatal testing

Answer 37

Amniocentesis | Chorionic Villus

Question 38

Ultrasound

Answer 38

Diagnostic imaging, many genetic limitations

Question 39

cfDNA

Answer 39

Uses algorithms of DNA fragments in maternal blood (takes blood from mom)

Question 40

Amniocentesis

Answer 40

Sample of amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue at 14th week is collected through a large needle--> Karyotype, blood tests

Question 41

Chronic Villus sampling

Answer 41

Almost the same but a sample of the chorion at the ninth week

Question 42

Transgenic

Answer 42

Describes an organism whose genome has been altered by the insertion of a gene from another organism; a type of genetically modified organism

Question 43

Genome

Answer 43

The complete DNA sequence of an organism

Question 44

Nitrogenous bases (nucleotide genes)

Answer 44

``` Adenine(A) Thymine(T) Guanine(G) Cytosine(C) A+T G+C ```

Question 45

Selective breeding

Answer 45

Mating organisms based on specific traits

Question 46

Artificial Insemenation

Answer 46

Transfer semen to female reproductive tract

Question 47

Embryo transfer

Answer 47

Artificial fertilization of an egg

Question 48

IVF(in vitro fertilization):

Answer 48

Eggs from the mother to be are retrieved and fertilized ... developing embryo placed in the uterus "test tube"

Question 49

Reproductive Strategies

Answer 49

Selective breeding Artificial Insemination Embryo Transfer In Vitro Fertilization(IVF)

Question 50

Gene cloning

Answer 50

Desired gene is cut out of genome Spliced into bacterial plasmid Bacteria makes more copies of the gene in bacterial population Gene is isolated for gene therapy

Question 51

Gene therapy

Answer 51

Working gene is introduced to patient (via virus) | New gene produces the protein

Question 52

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 52

Gene therapy

Question 53

Organismal cloning

Answer 53

Transfer your nucleus into an embryo