Evolution of Computer Flashcards
Why human created computer?
- Finance
- Engineering
- Healthcare and Media
- Education and Learning
- Entertainment and Media
A ________ is an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. It consists of a piece of wood, bone, or other material with notches carved into it, each notch representing a unit of something.
tally stick
Tally sticks were used across various cultures and continents throughout history, including ancient _____, _______, _______, _______, and _____.
Their use continued well into the Middle Ages and even into the 20th century in some parts of Europe
Mesopotamia; Egypt; Greece; Rome; China
The ______ is an ancient calculating tool used for performing arithmetic operations. It consists of a frame with rods or wires on which beads are moved to represent numerical values
abacus
Various forms of the abacus were developed independently in different parts of the world, including ________________________.
ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, and China
- The invention of the abacus was driven by the need for a more efficient and reliable way to perform calculations.
- Abacus were essential tools for merchants, traders, accountants, and anyone else who needed to perform arithmetic operations on a regular basis.
- The abacus provided a simple yet powerful way to manipulate numbers, making complex calculations more manageable and accessible to a wider range of people.
_______ is a manually-operated calculating device created by ____________. It was invented in 1617 as a tool to simplify the multiplication and division of large numbers
Napier’s Bones; John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland
The primary purpose of Napier’s Bones was to simplify the tedious and error-prone process of multiplying and dividing large numbers by hand.
The device is based on the concept of ____________, a method for multiplying numbers using a grid.
lattice multiplication
A _______ is a mechanical analog computer developed by ________ primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, trigonometry, and other functions. It consists of a set of logarithmic scales that can be slid against each other to perform calculations.
slide rule; William Oughtred
The _________, also known as the first mechanical calculator that could perform multiple calculations (addition and subtraction) in a row without being reset. While it was not widely adopted due to its high cost and limitations.
Pascaline
Invented pascaline
was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who made significant contributions to various fields despite his short life.
Blaise Pascal
The __________was a mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician and philosopher ____________in 1672. It was the first calculator capable of performing all four basic arithmetic operations and the decimal number system, making it more intuitive and easier to use than earlier calculating devices.
Stepped Reckoner; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
The ___________ is a mechanical loom, invented by __________ in 1804, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as ________, ___________, and ___________. It uses a series of punched cards to control the weaving pattern, allowing for intricate designs to be produced automatically.
Jacquard loom; Joseph Marie Jacquard; brocade; damask; matelassé
A _______ is a stiff card with holes strategically punched into it. Each card corresponds to one row of the textile pattern being woven. The holes determine which threads are raised or lowered, creating the desired pattern in the fabric. The cards are strung together in sequence to automate the weaving process and produce intricate designs.
punch card
The concept of the punch card is a method of storing and processing information by representing data as a series of holes punched into a stiff card.
The _________ was the first commercially successful mechanical calculator. It was designed and developed by ____________ in 1820 and first manufactured in 1851. It is the first reliable and practical calculating machine that could be used in various professional settings. It can also perform four basic arithmetic operations and first mass produced calculator.
Arithmometer; Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer. He is considered a pioneer of computer science and is often referred to as the “father of the computer.”
Charles Babbage
The ________ , conceived by ________ in the 1820s, was a groundbreaking automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. It was a remarkable feat of engineering for its time, aiming to eliminate errors in mathematical computation that were often calculated and copied by hand.
Partially built, never fully completed
Difference Engine; Charles Babbage
The __________ , designed in the 1830s, was a revolutionary concept for a mechanical general-purpose computer. It was programmable using punched cards, an idea borrowed from the Jacquard loom used for weaving complex patterns in textiles.
Partially built, never fully completed
Analytical Engine
_________ , Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 1815-1852), is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of computer science due to her work on Charles Babbage’s proposed Analytical Engine. She is the first programmer. She suggested to Babbage to use the binary system to program the Analytical Engine.
Augusta Ada Byron
The ____________, developed by Swedish father-son duo, _________ and _________ in the 1843.
It was the first printing calculator.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine; Per Georg; Edvard Scheutz
The ________ was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. It was invented by __________, an American inventor, in year 1890. It was developed to speed up the processing of data for the 1890 U.S. Census. It proved highly successful, reducing the time required to tabulate census data from several years to just a few months.
tabulating machine; Herman Hollerith
He is considered a pioneer of modern automatic computation and data processing.
Herman Hollerith
The ________, also known as the _________________, was an electromechanical computer built during World War II. It was conceived by Harvard physicist ________in 1937. The ——- was designed to solve complex mathematical problems that were beyond the capabilities of human computers (people who performed calculations by hand).
Harvard Mark I; IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC); Howard Aiken
