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Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy > Evolution, Systematics, Phylogeny, and Taxonomy > Flashcards

Evolution, Systematics, Phylogeny, and Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

a process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism

A

evolution

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2
Q

Can occur without morphological change

A

evolution

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3
Q

consist of an organisms and all of its descendants

A

clade

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4
Q

process of a change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism

A

evolution

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5
Q

process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another

A

speciation

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6
Q

random mutations or genetic recombinaton or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment

(true/false)

A

true

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7
Q

phylograms are similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to length of time since speciation

(true/false)

A

true

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8
Q

character/s of comparison found common in bouth groups is considered

A

primitive trait

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9
Q

group which does not share an immediate common ancestor

A

polyphyletic group

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10
Q

character/s found commonly in one group but absent to other is considered as

A

derived trait

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11
Q

consists of character/s present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor

A

symplesiomorphy

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12
Q

mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment is

A

adaptation

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13
Q

genetic drift can increase genetic differences between population

(true/false)

A

true

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14
Q

artificial speciation refers to intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species

(true/false)

A

true

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15
Q

study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationships among organisms

A

systematics

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16
Q

speciation arises from splitting or separation of populations

(true/false)

A

true

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17
Q

are tree diagrams where each branch point represent the splitting of two new groups from a common ancestor

A

cladogram/phylogram

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18
Q

random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called a ___

A

drift

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19
Q

environmental changes in habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution

true/false

A

true

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20
Q

the formation of each new branch in a cladogram is a microevolutionary event

true/false

A

false

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21
Q

grouping in which all species share a common ancestor but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included

A

paraphyletic group

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22
Q

founder effect happens where there is loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very similar number of individuals from a larger population

(True/false)

A

true

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23
Q

species equally related to all members of the group of interest is considered as ingroup

(true/false)

A

false

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24
Q

grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included

A

monophyletic group

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25
Q

natural selection may happen when there is a change in allele frequency

(true/false)

A

true

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26
Q

grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included

A

paraphyletic group

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27
Q

study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits

A

cladistics

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28
Q

in genetic drift all characteristics of an organisms contribute to its fitness

(true/false)

A

false

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29
Q

environmental changes in the habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution

(true/false)

A

true

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30
Q

peripatric speciation may be caused by an extreme case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated

true/false

A

true

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31
Q

speciation occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species

A

sympatric speciation

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32
Q

consist of an organism and all of its descendant

A

clade

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33
Q

larger now compared in the recent past, as a result of better diet and medicine

A

humans

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34
Q

examples of humans growing taller, induced solely by the environment do not count as evolution because they are not heritable

A

phenotypic changes

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35
Q

morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, and other properties exhibited by a living organisms

A

phenotype

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36
Q

Determined by its genes and its environment

A

phenotype

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37
Q

Large scale phenotypic changes are obviously due to what

A

genetic changes

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38
Q

demonstrated that evolution not necessarily make organisms better

A

Paquin and Adams

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39
Q

Any organism’s success depends on the behaviour of its contemporaries

based on whose

A

Paquin and Adams

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40
Q

studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth

A

evolutionary biology

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41
Q

Discipline of biology concerned with the processes and patterns of biological evolution especially in relation to the diversity of organisms and how they change over time

A

evolutionary biology

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42
Q

Describes the development of life on earth and shows how the interaction between the principle of natural selection and random processes has shaped biological diversity and is continuing to bring about dynamic change

A

evolutionary biology

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43
Q

Examines the fundamental processes which lead to ecological adaptations and new species, as well as the rules which govern the interaction of organisms, including humans, and the formation of social system

A

evolutionary biology

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44
Q

“evolution is like a climb up a ladder of progress; organisms are always getting better”

true or false

A

false

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45
Q

“evolution means that life changed by chance”

true or false

A

false

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46
Q

“natural selection involves organisms trying to adapt”

true or false

A

false

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47
Q

“natural selection gives organisms what they ‘need”

true or false

A

false

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48
Q

what are the principles of evolutionary biology (6)

A

relatedness
variation
fitness
selection
drift
evolution

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49
Q

common descent of all organisms (modification of existing lines) due to shared pylogeny, evolutionary changes occur only through the modification of existing lines

what principle

A

relatedness

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50
Q

differences among organisms (random mutations/genetic recombination or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment)

what principle

A

variation

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51
Q

distinction must be determined with ___ and ___ in principle of variation

A

genetically determined variation
genetic recombination

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52
Q

which results from random mutation

A

genetically determined variation

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53
Q

where the variation is caused by environmental factors

(genetic recombination/ genetic dispersal)

A

genetic recombination

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54
Q

not genetically determined or in this case epigenetic variation, only heritable to a limited degree

A

phenotypic plasticity

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55
Q

survivability of organisms (reproduction rate, passing of its genetic characteristics to its organization)

what principle

A

fitness

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56
Q

what principle can be influenced by factors whether or not a genotype with its alleles is represented in the gene pool of the subsequent generation

A

principle of fitness

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57
Q

organism with better adaptive characteristic will survive until they become sexually mature to reproduce (selection factors – envt. Factors that affect reproductive success)

A

principle of selection

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58
Q

envt. Factors that affect reproductive success

A

selection factors

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59
Q

there is a directed change in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population in the event of a change in environmental conditions

what principle

A

selection principle

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60
Q

random variation in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population

what principle

A

principle of drift

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61
Q

consistent feature of every generation, but is more pronounced in smaller populations and across many generations

A

drift

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62
Q

what forms the basis of neutral evolution

A

drift

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63
Q

change in the genetics of a population over time

A

evolution

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64
Q

classified fossils and is involved in the development of stratigraphy, leading to an understanding of genealogical processes, allowing to document a timeline of biological evolution on earth

A

Charles Lyell

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65
Q

both proposed the mechanism of natural selection, providing a scientific explanation for the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the gradual unfolding of life

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

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66
Q

when the laws of inheritance, recombination, mutation, and selection in populations are formulated as mathematical equations

A

1910s

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67
Q

what principle is the basis for understanding the differentiation of populations (microevolution) and the origin of species

A

principle of population genetics

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68
Q

important figure in the development of modern synthesis wherein the principle of natural selection became combined with the insights from Mendelian genetics, population genetics, taxonomy, morphology, and paleontology

A

Ernst Mayr

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69
Q

examines the interactions between individuals and the development of social systems in which the interests of the individual conflicts with those of the group

A

Behavioural biology

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70
Q

Shows a basic conflict in the interest of sexes

A

behavioural biology

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71
Q

develops the principles of neutral evolution with the help of mathematical approaches and simulations

A

Motoo Kimura

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72
Q

showed that the evolution of DNA and protein sequences is mainly a result of neutral rather than selective mechanisms

A

Motoo Kimura

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73
Q

neutral evolution can be deduced to reconstruct family relationship between species at a molecular level

A

molecular clock

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74
Q

serves as an essential null hypothesis which enables us to trace back the course of selection processes

A

neutral evolution

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75
Q

can be described statistically and forms the basis of understanding of evolutionary adaptation

A

gene-environment interaction

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76
Q

describes the molecular mechanisms associated with gene-environment interaction

A

epigenetics

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77
Q

a change in the genetics of a population over time

A

evolution

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78
Q

Is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

A

evolution

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79
Q

all individuals of the same species living in a defined area at the same time

A

population

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80
Q

A group of closely-related organisms that have common physical and genetic characteristics and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

A

population

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81
Q

Carolus Linnaeus proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals based upon their similarities what book

A

Systema Naturae

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82
Q

systema naturae who rote

A

Carolus Linnaues

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83
Q

who provided ideas about relationship among organisms, sources of variation, and possibility of evolution

A

George Buffon

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84
Q

who considered how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition

A

Erasamus darwin

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85
Q

father of paleontology, father of comparative anatomy

A

George Cuvier

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86
Q

founder of Lamarckism, presented evolution as occurring due to environmental change over long periods of time

A

Jean Baptist Lamarck

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87
Q

matured during mid-eighteenth century

A

taxonomy

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88
Q

Linnaeus believed in what

A

Fixity of species

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89
Q

according to Linnaeus, each species had (2):

A

ideal structure and function
place in the scala naturae

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90
Q

wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and animals, suggested descent with modification

A

Count George buffon

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91
Q

French vertebrate zoologist, was the first to use comparative anatomy to develop a system of classifying animals

A

Georges Cuvier

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92
Q

Proposed a whole series of catastrophes (extinctions) and repopulations from other regions

A

Georges Cuvier

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93
Q

term applied to Cuvier’s explanation of fossil history: the belief that catastrophic extinctions occurred, after which repopulation of surviving species occurred, giving a change of appearance through time

A

Catastrophism

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94
Q

Advocate of special creation and fixity of species

A

George Cuvier

95
Q

is the first biologist to propose evolution and link diversity with environmental adaptation

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

96
Q

Concluded more complex organism are descended from less complex organisms

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

97
Q

Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

98
Q

Was the first to state that descent with modification occurs and that organism become adapted to their environments

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

99
Q

was Lamarck’s belief that organisms become adapted to their environment during their lifetime and pass these adaptations to their offspring

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

100
Q

believed that earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of erosion and uplift

A

Charles Lyell

101
Q

Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of change are constant

A

Charles Lyell

102
Q

parent species split into two distinct species (speciation arises from splitting)

A

cladogenesis

103
Q

known as phyletic evolution, creation of new species is distinct from their ancestor (no split in the phylogenetic tree)

A

anagenesis

104
Q

happens when two populations of the same species become isolated from each other

A

allopatric speciation

105
Q

geological observations of Charles Darwin are consistent with those of this

A

Hutton and Lyell

106
Q

began to think that the earth was very old and that there would have been enough time for descent with modifications to occur

A

Charles Darwin

107
Q

looked liked the African ostrich in the East coast of South America

A

bird rhea

108
Q

on the Galapagos Island, these have large claws to help them cling to rocks and blunt snout for eating algae growing rocks

A

marine iguana

109
Q

specialized to feed in various ways, using a cactus spine for insects

A

galapagos finches

110
Q

known only by the study of its fossil remains, must be related to living armadillos

A

glyptodont

111
Q

has a face of guinea pig and is native to South America which has no native rabbits, has long legs and other adaptatiosns similar to those of rabbits or hares (but not closely related)

A

patagonian hare

112
Q

Darwin observed that this neck length varied from island to island, proposed that speciation on islands correlated with difference in vegetation

A

tortoises

113
Q

Darwin observed that many species of these are scattered on various islands, speculated that they have descended from a single pair of mainland type of these

A

finches

114
Q

increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species

A

natural selection

115
Q

there is genetic variation within a population which can be inherited

A

variation

116
Q

overproduction of offspring leads to competition for survival

A

competition

117
Q

individuals with beneficial adaptations are more likely to survive to pass on their genes

A

adaptation

118
Q

over many generations, there is a change in allele frequency (evolution)

A

selection

119
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (I)

A

Inherited variation exists within the population

120
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (C)

A

Competition results from an overproduction of offspring

121
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (E)

A

Environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction

122
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (A)

A

Adaptations that benefit survival are

123
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (G)

A

Genotype frequency changes across generation

124
Q

Key components to the process of natural selection: (E2)

A

Evolution occurs within the population

125
Q

process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively associated with one another

A

speciation

126
Q

Patterns of speciation (2)

A

anagenesis
cladogenesis

127
Q

also called ‘phyletic evolution’, occurs when evolution acts to create new species, which are distinct from their ancestors, along a single lineage through gradual changes in physical or genetic traits

A

anagenesis

128
Q

No split in the phylogenetic tree

A

anagenesis

129
Q

Sufficient mircoevolutionary changes may occur that earlier population is considered a separate species from the later population

A

anagenesis

130
Q

arises from a splitting event when a parent species is split into two distinct species, often as a result of geographical isolation or another driving force involving the separation of populations

A

cladogenesis

131
Q

Branching evolution as speciation events accumulate

A

cladogenesis

132
Q

Formation of each new branch is a macroevolutionary event

A

cladogenesis

133
Q

Broad patterns across the resulting tree are also within the scope of macroevolution

A

cladogenesis

134
Q

integral to the process of speciation occurs due to reproductive barriers, which are formed as a consequence of genetic, behavioral, or physical differences arising between the new species

A

reproductive isolation

135
Q

change in the gene pool of a small population that takes place strictly by chance

A

genetic drift

136
Q

type of speciation (5)

A

allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
parapatric speciation
peripatric speciation
artificial speciation

137
Q

occurs when members of a population become geographically isolated from one another, to the extent that genetic exchange, through mating is prevented or interfered with

A

allopatric speciation

138
Q

May be a result of geographical changes such as the formation of a mountain by a volcano, island formation, habitat separation by glaciers and rivers, or habitat fragmentation caused by human activity

A

allopatric speciation

139
Q

species members emigrating resulting in population separation by dispersal

A

vicariance

140
Q

allo means what

A

other

141
Q

patric means what

A

place

142
Q

evolutionary process whereby species are formed from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic area

A

sympatric speciation

143
Q

sym means

A

same

144
Q

The distribution ranges of species which evolve through sympatry may be identical or they may only overlap

A

sympatric speciation

145
Q

Occurs when members of one population make use of a new niche

A

sympatric speciation

146
Q

occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed

A

sympatric speciation

147
Q

extremely rare case of speciation that occurs when a population is continuously distributed within a geographic area without any specific barriers to gene flow

A

parapatric speciation

148
Q

Population does not mate randomly within the population, but rather individuals rate more commonly with their closest geographic neighbors, resulting in uneven gene flow

A

parapatric speciation

149
Q

may increase the rate of dimorphism within populations, in which varied morphological forms of the same species are displayed

A

non-random mating

150
Q

result of parapatric speciation is this, also called distinct sub-populations having small, continuous overlaps in their biogeographic range and are genotypically dimorphic

A

sister’s species

151
Q

extremely rare type of speciation, occur when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier but populations in these areas may interbreed and often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles

A

parapatric speciation

152
Q

form of allopatric speciation that occurs when populations that have become isolated have very few individuals

A

peripatric speciation

153
Q

population goes through a genetic bottleneck, within the small sub-population, organisms which are able to survive within the new environment may carry genes that were rare within the main population but that cause a slight variation to behavior or morphology

A

peripatric speciation

154
Q

through repeated matings, the frequency of these, once rare, genes increases within the small population

A

peripatric speciation

155
Q

mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population

A

peripatric speciation

156
Q

loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

A

founder effect

157
Q

form of speciation that can be achieved by the input of human influence

A

artificial speciation

158
Q

by separating populations, and thereby preventing breeding, or by intentionally breeding individuals with desired genotypic traits, humans can create new, distinct species

A

artificial speciation

159
Q

can be achieved by artificial selection, intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species

A

artifical speciation

160
Q

Finches in Galapagos Island are similar in morphology but exhibited slight differences in features such as (3)

A

body size
color
beak length or shape

161
Q

difference in this were an adaptation toward acquiring the particular food source

A

beak length or shape

162
Q

change in allele frequency in a population due to random selection of certain genes

A

genetic drift

163
Q

Oftentimes, the mutations within the DNA can have no effect on the fitness of an organism

A

genetic drift

164
Q

these changes in genetics can increase or decrease in a population, simply due to change

A

genetic drift

165
Q

genetic drift can cause big losses of genetic variation for small populations, reduces genetic variation

A

bottleneck effect

166
Q

Natural selection (is/ is NOT) always necessary for genetic change to occur

A

is NOT

167
Q

movement of genes between populations, species, or between organisms

A

gene flow

168
Q

Population of organisms exhibit this when individuals from one population migrate and breed within a new population

A

gene flow

169
Q

Does not analyze the allele frequency of genes, rather it is a concept that describes the movement of genes between populations

A

gene flow

170
Q

morphological adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves, characterized by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently with attenuated bodies and/or appendages

A

troglomorphism

171
Q

mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environment or to changes in their current environment

A

adaptation

172
Q

the process which enables organisms to adjust to their environment in order to ensure survival

A

adaptation

173
Q

Biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment

A

adaptation

174
Q

actions of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment

A

behavioral adaptation

175
Q

Bears hibernating in winter to escape cold temperatures and preserve energy

A

behavioral adaptation

176
Q

physical features of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment

A

structural adaptation

177
Q

Penguin has blubber to protect itself from freezing temperatures

what type of adaptation

A

structural adaptation

178
Q

internal and/or cellular features of an organism that enable them to survive in their environment

A

physiological adaptation

179
Q

Snakes producing poisonous venom to ward off predators and to capture prey

what type of adaptation

A

physiological adaptation

180
Q

actual place where an organism lives

A

habitat

181
Q

include food, water, shelter, are obtained for organisms survival

A

basic need

182
Q

can cause adaptation that lead to evolution, play an important role in evolution

A

environmental changes

183
Q

famous paleontologist that defined systematics as the “scientific study of kinds and diversity of organisms and of any all relationships among them”

A

George Gaylord Simpson

184
Q

can be though of as the study of biodiversity

A

systematics

185
Q

Study of phylogenetic relationships

A

systematics

186
Q

Active area of evolutionary biology

A

systematics

187
Q

study of diversity of organisms and of any relationship among them

A

systematics

188
Q

The study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationship among organisms

A

systematics

189
Q

special area of systematics that studies phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits

A

cladistics

190
Q

Two major components of systematics

A

taxonomy
phylogenetics

191
Q

field of biology and paleontology that concern the naming of living (extant) and ancient (extinct) plants, animals, and other oganisms

A

taxonomy

192
Q

Governed by a universal system of rules and conventions derived from the approach pioneered by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century

A

taxonomy

193
Q

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, depicted by tree-like diagrams

A

phylogenetics

194
Q

2 approaches in studying relationships of species

A

fossils
hierarchical pattern of homology

195
Q

provide a preserved record of the history of life forms; portrays the phylogeny of life

A

fossil

196
Q

different species that share the same structures depicts that they may have evolved from the same ancestor

A

hierarchical pattern of homology

197
Q

traits shared

A

common features

198
Q

less traits shared

A

close relationship of species

199
Q

refers to an evolutionary line of descent and can be determined by comparing sequences in different species

A

phylogeny

200
Q

Represents the evolutionary relationships; history of speciation among a set of organisms or groups of organisms called taxa

A

phylogeny

201
Q

answers the gaps in systematics that do not rely on number of shared characteristics

A

cladistics

202
Q

diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between groups of animals (also called a phylogeny)

A

cladograms

203
Q

similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation

A

phylograms

204
Q

diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms (hypothetic, no definitive facts)

A

phylogenetic tree

205
Q

represent the common ancestors of those descendants

A

nodes

206
Q

two descendants that split from the same node

A

sister groups

207
Q

connected by branches, which are line segments that make up the three

A

terminal taxa

208
Q

defines the relationship between the taxa in terms of descent and ancestry

A

branch

209
Q

usually represents the number of changes that have occurred in the branch

A

branch length

210
Q

branching structure of the tree

A

topology

211
Q

study the parts of a cladogram

A

grade yourself accordingly

212
Q

represents the number of changes that have occurred in the branch

A

branch length

213
Q

common ancestor of all taxa

A

root

214
Q

scale represents the number of differences between organisms or sequences

A

distance scale

215
Q

group of two or more taxa or DNA sequences that includes both their common ancestor and all of their organisms

A

clade

216
Q

there is a particular node, called the root, representing a common ancestor, from which a unique path leads to any other node

A

rooted phylogenetic three

217
Q

specifies the relationship among species, without identifying a
common ancestor, or evolutionary path

A

unrooted phylogenetic tree

218
Q

format of a phylogenetic tree (3)

A

slant format
horizontal format
circle-shaped

219
Q

character/s is present in immediate ancestor only but not in the earliest

A

synapomorphy

220
Q

character/s is present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor

A

symplesiomorphy

221
Q

Birds developing wings but lost the 4 primitive legs that have been present in the bird’s ancestor

A

symplesiomorphy

222
Q

distinctive feature known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon

A

autapomorphy

223
Q

change in characteristics occurs in _____ over time

A

lineages

224
Q

Assumption that characteristics of organisms change over time is the most important one in ____, only when characteristics change that we are able to recognize different lineages or groups

A

cladistics

225
Q

original state of the characteristic

A

plesiomorphic

226
Q

changed state of the characteristic

A

apomorphic

227
Q

Any group of organisms is related by _____ from a common ancestor

A

descent

228
Q

There is a bifurcating, branching, pattern of ___

A

lineage-splitting

229
Q

Suggests that when a lineage splits, it divides into exactly ____

A

two groups

230
Q

if more distinct derived characters are present shared in groups, this is attained

A

grade

231
Q

incomplete group, because of exclusion of clades

A

evolutionary grade

232
Q

a taxon outside the group of interest. All the members of the group of interest are more closely related to each other than they are to the outgroup.

A

outgroup

233
Q
A

Evolutionary Biology and Comparative Anatomy (21 decks)

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