Long Exam 2 Flashcards
(707 cards)
1
Q
evolved sometime during the Cambrian period, 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, almost at the same time when invertebrates began to develop
A
Chordates
2
Q
May have evolved from some freshwater forms as all modern _____ possess glomerular kidneys designed to remove excess water from the body
A
Chordates
3
Q
Early fossils of these have been all recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordate are all marine forms
A
Chordates
4
Q
also found in marine forms such as myxinods and sharks
A
glomerular kidneys
5
Q
hagfish class Myxini, jawless, boneless, and sightless fish that exhibit unique behavors
A
myxinods
6
Q
chordates evolved from them, includes echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophrans, etc.
A
deuterostome
7
Q
fossils of the earliest vertebrates were known from its, about 400 mya
A
Silurian-Devonian Period
8
Q
do not have eyes, ears, and jaws but are considered an important organism in studying chordates
A
Amphioxus
9
Q
precursor of a backbone, humans carry a vestiges of these (disk in the spine)
A
Notochord
10
Q
first mammals with bony jaws
A
fish
11
Q
with this happening, organisms become bigger
A
four fold increase in genes
12
Q
a group of marine animals that spend most of their lives attached to docks, rocks or the undersides of boats
A
tunicate
13
Q
are semi-transparent barrel-shaped marine animals that move through the water by contracting bands of muscles which ring the body
A
salp
14
Q
porous walls of its home allow food particles to flow into an inner chamber where this blue, wispy animal feeds
A
larvacean
15
Q
showed how reptiles sporting innovations like jaws and legs flourished on land
A
monitor lizards
16
Q
origin theory given by Johannes Muller on 1860 based on comparative studies of larval stages of echinoderms and hemichordates
A
echinoderm origin
17
Q
resembles echinoderm larvae such as Bipinnaria, Auricularia, Dipleurula, and Doliolaria, which possess ciliary bands and an apical tuft of cilia
A
Tornaria larva
18
Q
proposed that echinoderm larvae gave rise to chordates by neoteny
A
Johannes Muller
W. Garstang
DeBeers
19
Q
are deuterostomes and possess mesodermal skeletal elements
A
Echinoderms
20
Q
fossil echinoderms discovered from the Ordovician period (450 mya)
A
Calcichordata
21
Q
Asymmetrical animals that demonstrate affinities with both echinoderms and chordates but their skeleton is made up of CaCO3
A
calcichordata
22
Q
Have large pharynx with series of gill slits, each covered with flaps for filter feeding, a small segmented body, and postanal tail
A
calcichordata
23
Q
functions for filter-feeding appears to have evolved in diverse groups of animals during the Cambrian-Ordovician periods
A
perforated pharynx
24
Q
bones are made up of hydrated calcium and phosphate
A
vertebrates
25
suggested by Romer in 1959 wherein ancestral deuterostomes were sedentary tentacle feeders whose mucous-laden ciliated tentacles served to trap planktons as they were waved in water as do the modern lophophorates and pterobranch
hemichordates, Cephalodiscus and Rhabdopleura
hemichordate origin
26
Pharyngeal slits evolved in this ancestors, which made pharynx sieve-like to trap planktons as the water current passed through it
hemichordate
27
possess both ciliated arms and pharyngeal gill slits
pretobranch
28
W. Garstand (1928) and N.J. Berill (1955) – gave importance to the tadpole-like larva or urochordates which carries typical chordate characters, namely, a notochord in tail along with segmented myotomes, dorsal hollow nerve cord, sense organs, and pharyngeal gill slits
Urochordate origin
29
suggested that chordates evolved from some sessile filter-feeding urochordate by the larval stage evolving into adulthood by neoteny and by losing the sedentary adult stage
Garstang
30
Chamberlain studies the primitive and advanced characteristics of cephalochordates and proposed that while extant cephalochordates possess all chordate characters in a typical state, they also show some primitive features of non-chordates, such as the absence of heart, head, sense organs, respiratory pigment, filter
-feeding mode of food capture and excretion by solenocytes
Cephalochordate origin
31
earliest chordate whose fossil have been discovered from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada.
Pikaia gracilens
32
show a streamlined, ribbon-shaped, 5 cm long body having notochord in the posterior two-thirds of the body and myomeres
Amphioxus
33
combined all above theories of echinoderm, urochordata, cephalochordate origins and proposed that the common ancestor of echinoderms and chordates was a sessile ciliary arm feeder that lived in the plankton-rich environment of the Cambria
Combined theory of E.J.W Barriton
34
modern version of these have evolved from similar ancestors by retaining the original mode of feeding
Echinodermata
35
perforation of the pharynx with gill slits, must have evolved in a large number of groups which have been a much superior method of food gathering by filtering water as compared to ciliated arm feeding
pharyngothremy
36
marine animals and lack a bony or cartilaginous skeleton; suspension feeders
cephalochordates and urochordates
37
have an endoskeleton and some are terrestrial and most use jaws to feed
vertebrates
38
Four basic characteristics of phylum chordata at some time in their history:
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
post anal tail
39
dorsal supporting rod
notochord
40
Replaced by a vertebral column in adult vertebrates (anlagen/precursor of the vertebral column)
notochord
41
in contrast to invertebrates having a ventral solid nerve cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
42
have a hollow nerve cord meaning that the cord contains a canal that is filled with fluid
vertebrates
43
humans have this fluid in their hollow nerve cord
central canal cerebrospinal fluid
44
persist in adult fishes, but in most vertebrates are only seen during embryological development
pharyngeal slits
45
Water passes into the mouth and the pharynx going through here, which are supported by gill bars and used for gas exchange
pharyngeal slits
46
represents a posterior elongation of the boy extending beyond the anus
post anal tail
47
Extension of the chordate locomotor organ, the segmental musculature, and notochord
post anal tail
48
study of the development of embryos from fertilization until they become fetuses or at point which you can distinguish the species
embryology
49
comparison of embryo development across species
comparative embryology
50
all embryos pass from single cells to multicelled what
zygotes
51
clumps of cells
morula
52
hollow balls of cells
blastula
53
The process of embryogenesis begins with an ____ or ovum being fertilized by a ____ cell to form a zygote
egg
sperm
54
zygote is surrounded by a strong membrane made up of this, which the sperm has managed to penetrate
glycoproteins
55
formed 24 hours after the egg and sperm nuclei fuse
zygote
56
Over the next three days, the zygote undergoes a number of cell divisions, a process referred to as _____
cleavage
57
process once the embryo has reached 8-celled stage, involves the tight binding of the cells to create a compact shere
compaction
58
16-celled embryo that the embryo turns after compaction
Morula
59
cavity that developed in the morula after one day of compaction
Blastocele
60
structure that formed after the cells inside the blastocele compact and flatten
Blastocyst
61
moves towards the womb, where it implants itself in the lining after 24 hours
Blastocyst
62
Over the next week, the mass of cells rapidly divides, giving rise to a disc-shaped structure that has two layers:
animal pole
vegetal pole
63
layer becomes the embryo and amniotic cavity
animal pole
64
layer develops into the yolk sac
vegetal pole
65
occurs where the blood system starts to appear in the placenta and blood cells are produced by the yok sac, a streak of cells becomes apparent on the embryonic disc
Gastrulation
66
study of development from fertilization to embryo
embryology
67
Reveals ancestry
embryology
68
Nature of relationship from ancestor to offspring can be studied
embryology
69
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.”
who said?
Ernst Haeckel:
70
Recapitulation is not only relationship between embryos and ancestors”
Gavin De Beer
71
according to De Beers, these may or may not be present from their ancestors or descendants
embryonic structures
72
Can be lost (vestigial) or retained to adulthood
embryonic structures
73
may be repeated in earlier stages but not in later stages
developmental stages
74
may or may not be altered in the descendant
developmental sequences
75
sex cells, haploid chromosomes that unite to form diploid organism
gametes
76
Perform meiotic division
gametes
77
gametes for males, have various head appearance such
sperm
78
head apperance of sperm (7)
spherical
spatulate
hooked
lancet-shaped
spiraled
capped (acrosome)
79
used for movement in sperms
tail
80
part of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes
acrosome
81
part of the sperm that contains 23 chromosomes
nucleus
82
part of the sperm cell that contains many mitochondria
collar
83
causes sperm to swim
flagellum
84
are made up of microlecithal (small yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), and
macrolecithal (abundant yolk)
egg cell
85
small yolk in egg cell
microlecithal
86
moderate yolk in egg cell
mesolecithal
87
abundant yolk in egg cell
macrolecithal
88
process of formation of gametes i.e. sperms and
ovary from the primary sex organs in
all sexually reproducing organisms
gametogenesis
89
plays most significant role in the process of gametogenesis
meiosis
90
spermatogenesis formula
1:2:4
91
differentiation of an ovum into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized
oogenesis
92
developed from the primary oocyte by maturation
ovum
93
Initiated in the embryonic stage
oogenesis
94
Primary oocyte in oogenesis count of chromosomes
46/2N
95
secondary oocyte in oogenesis count of chromosomes
23/1n
96
oogonium count of chromosomes
46, 2N
97
ootid count of chromosomes
23, 1N
98
a cell in ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum
oocyte
99
Immature egg cell that will eventually break free from the follicle and travel down the fallopian tube – at which point it’s called an egg or ovum
oocyte
100
single cell released from either of the female reproductive organs, the ovaries, which is capable of dev
eloping into a new organism when fertilized (united) with a sperm cell
ovum
101
developed and released by ovarian follicle
oocyte
102
surrounds and nourishes the egg
vitelline membrane
103
in therian mammals, egg is enclosed in this along with corona radiata, cells of ovarian follicle
zona pellucida
104
present in amphioxus; eutherian mammals (egg yolk)
microlecithal
105
of, relating to, or belonging to the Eutheria, a subclass of mammals all of which have a placenta and reach an advanced state of development before birth.
eutherian
106
egg yolk present in lampreys; some fishes; amphibians
mesolecithal
107
egg yolk present in most fishes; reptiles; birds; monotremes (egg-laying mammals)
macrolecithal
108
Egg is enclosed after ovulation in jelly layer in what group of animals
amphibians
109
Egg is enclosed after ovulation in albumen in what group of animals
birds
110
Egg is enclosed after ovulation in horny, membranous in what animals
fishes
111
Egg is enclosed after ovulation in calcareous shells in what group of animals
reptiles, birds
112
Most animals proceed through these stages during development (5)
zygote
early cleavage stages
gastrulation
segmentation (inc. neurulation)
organogenesis
113
establish polarity and body axes
blasutla
114
where germ layers are established
gastrulation
115
this involves neurulation
segmentation
116
in therian mammals, penetration of sperm from corona radiata to vitelline membrane of the egg
fertilzation
117
Involves enzymatic and physical interactions between sperm acrosome and egg cortex
fertilization
118
when this happens the diploid # of chromosomes are restored
union of gametes
119
hollow sphere of cells produced during the development of an embryo by repeated cleavage of a fertilized egg
vertebrate blastula
120
epithelial covering layer in blastula
blastoderm
121
fluid-filled cavity of the blastula
blastocoel
122
daughter cells
blastomeres
123
Composed of single tissue layer with hundred of cells
blastula
124
nutrition of developing embryo; process of cleaving & blastula is dependent on the yolk present
yolk
125
multiple numbered cells ready for uterine implantation
morula
126
Cleavage can be:
▪
2-celled
▪
4-celled
▪
8-celled
▪
16-celled
▪
32-celled stages
127
epiblast or epimere; developing embryo nourished by the vegetal pole (dorsal cells – ectoderm)
animal pole
128
hypoblast or hypomere, developing yolk, nourishes the embryo (ventral cells – endoderm)
vegetal pole
129
” (total cleavage furrows penetrate the entire yolk; equal sized blastomeres)
“holoblastic
130
characterized by or being incomplete cleavage as a result of the presence of an impeding mass of yolk material
meroblastic
131
holoblastic types (4)
radial
bilateral
spiral
rotational
132
meroblastic types (2)
discoidal
superficial
133
holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres in amphibians
mesolecithal
134
larger blastomeres; nourishes the embryo; slower development
vegetal pole
135
towards the animal pole
blastocoel
136
“meroblastic” (partial cleavage); unequal sized blastomeres in birds
macrolecithal
137
large size yolk mass; too great to be penetrated by cleavage furrow in birds
vegetal pole
138
relatively small (blastoderm)
animal pole
139
have a microlecithal; holoblastic; unequal sized blastomeres
mammals
140
structure formed in the early development of mammals
blastocyst
141
possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo
blastocyst
142
outer layer of the blastocyts containing cells
trophoblast
143
surrounded by the trophoblast, a fluid-filled cavity
blastocoel
144
– trophoblast gives rise to this
placenta
145
Greek word means “a sprout”
blastos
146
Greek word means “bladder, capsule)
kystis
147
formation of three germ layers
gastrulation
148
epiblast or epimere, developing embryo
animal pole
149
cells migrate to the interior of the blastula, consequently forming two (in diploblastic animals) or into three (tripoblastic animals
gastrulation
150
embryo during gastrulation is called
gastrula
151
infolding of cell sheet into embryo
invagination
152
inturning of cell sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer
involution
153
migration of individual cells into the mesoderm
ingresion
154
splitting or migration of one sheet into two sheets
delamination
155
expansion of one cell sheet over other cell sheets
epiboly
156
157
3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
158
– from epiblast (animal pole) outer layer
ectoderm
159
middle layer; mesenchyme
mesoderm
160
from hypoblast (vegetal pole), innermost layer
endoderm
161
mesolgea is present in what (diploblastic or tripoblastic)
diploblastic
162
instead of mesoglea, ___ is present in triploblastic animals
mesoderm
163
central nervous system, retina and lens, cranial and sensory, ganglia and nerves, pigment cells (melanocytes), head connective tissue, epidermis of skin, hair, mammary glands
from what germ layer?
ectoderm
164
musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, dermis of skin, connective tissue, urogenital system, heart, blood (lymph cells), and spleen
what layer
mesoderm
165
gastrointestinal system (gut); stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, lining of urethra, epithelial parts of trachea, lungs, pharynx, thyroid, parathyroid, intestine
what layer
endoderm
166
formed where cells are entering the embryo
blastopore
167
two major group of animals can be distinguished according to the blastopore’s fate:
deuterostome
protostome
168
anus forms from the blastopore
deuterostome
169
blastopores develops into mouth
protostome
170
folds inward toward animal pole, double-walled cup
vegetal pole
171
body cavity (coelom) in gastrulation
gastrocoel
172
uppermost layer of cells
ectoderm
173
primitive gut (yolk) lined by endoderm
archenteron
174
middle layer formed from dorsolateral outpocketing of archenteron
mesoderm
175
anlagen of nervous system (primitive), formed from dorsal wall of archenteron
notochord
176
anlagen of nervous system (primitive), formed from dorsal wall of archenteron
notochord
177
roof of archenteron, forms the notochord in the midline and somites (series of
paired mesodermal tissue blocks)
chordamesoderm
178
gut tube. Pouch form
schizocoel
179
formed by splitting of the hypoblast in the somites
coelom
180
indirectly filled with maternal fluid and enlarges
blastocoel
181
flattened inner cell mass forms primitive streak (notochord -> CNS)
blastoderm
182
forms extraembryonic membranes (fetal membranes) and body of embryo (musculoskeletal and circulatory system); mesenchymal tissue
mesoderm
183
forms by schizocoel (pouch form)
coelom
184
inner cell mass + primitive streak
embryoblast
185
notochord (anlagen of CNS); promotes neurulation
primitive streak
186
overlaps with gastrulation establishing the central nervous system (CNS)
neurulation
187
coelom in neurulation
neurocoel
188
What induces thickening of ectoderm into a neutral plate
chordamesoderm
189
ectomesenchyme, considered as the 4th germ layer which arise from ectoderm forms cartilage and bones of the head, pharyngeal cartilages; peripheral nerve ganglia, some glandular tissues; melanocytes
neural crest cells
190
ectodermal cells
neural plate
191
formed from neural plate; folds of cells that arches and meet at the mid-dorsal line and forms the neural tube
neural folds
192
– encloses the neurocoel (cavity)
neural tube
193
anlagen of the dorsal hollow nerve cord
neurocoel
194
migration of primordial germ cells
organogenesis
195
establishes the head and tail
holoblastic embryo
196
– 3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk
Type of embryo
meroblastic embryo
197
embryo increase in ____ while anchenteron becomes part of the ____ tube
length
gut
198
enterocoelom (blastopore) becomes anus while the mouth opens anteriorly
schizocoely
199
____form the lining of the gut
endoderm
200
major structure formed by dermatome (outer epimere)
skin dermis
201
major structure formed by middle epimere
muscles
202
major structure formed by inner epimere
vertebral column
203
major structure formed by chordamesoderm
notochord
204
major structure formed by intermediate mesoderm
kidney, urogenital ducts
205
major structure formed by somatic hypomere
bones
206
major structure formed by splanchnic hypomere
blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral perotineum
207
major structure formed by somatic endoderm
skin epidermis, teeth enamel, stomodeum, proctodeum
208
major structure formed by neural plate ectoderm
brain, spinal cord
209
major structure formed by neural plate ectoderm
brain, spinal cord
210
major structure formed by epidermal placodes
capsules
211
major structure formed by ectomesenchyme
spinal ganglia, nenurocranium, aortic arches, heart septum
212
in them, yolk cleaves and directly incorpotaed into somatic cells
amphibians
213
➢
Yolk supply is limited
➢
No fetal membranes required to sustain larva
➢
Early hatching > larva
➢
Example include caecilian, frogs, newts, salamanders
amphibians
214
in them, yolk remains uncleaved, eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane found
fishes
215
➢
Yolk sac – formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body
➢
Respiration and excretion are direct contract with environment
fishes
216
in them, there is a primitive streak, extraembryonic, mesoderm splits, forms extraembryonic coelom, splanchnoleure
reptiles and birds
217
Splanchnopleure + adjacent yolk ++
yolk sac
218
– under the shell; near the chorioallantoic membrane
allantois
219
Respiration, receives excretory wates; absorbs albumen takes some minerals from the shell
allantois
220
Somatopleure + head fold of amnion =
chorion
amnion
221
“water bag” contains amniotic fluid that bathes the embryo; cushions the embryo
amnion
222
nourish their young in uterus, exchange and nutrition of fetus occurs between fetal and maternal bloodstream by placenta
placental mammals
223
vascularized (blood vessels) supplies nutrition to placenta
yolk sac and allantois
224
avascular (no blood vessels) cannot support placenta
chorion and amnion
225
homologous to umbilical circulation (mammals)
allantoic circulation
226
sac filled with amniotic fluid bathes the fetus; allows the early fetus to move freely and protects the fetus from pressure of maternal abdomen
amnion
227
collective term for reptiles, birds and mammals because the possess amnion
amniotes
228
chorion (lies between allantois and uterus) incorporated into the placenta, chorioallantoic membrane
maternal contribution
229
allantois (in most mammals) as fetus grows, allantois decreases in size
fetal contribution
230
egg laying mammals, deposit eggs in pouch
protherians
231
marsupials (pouched mammals) no typical placenta
metatherians
232
includes the skin and the related structures that cover and protect the bodies of animals
integumentary system
233
the integument of these group of animals includes shells and exoskeletons as body covering
invertebrates
234
the integument of these group of animals include skin, scales, feathers, hair, and glands
vertebrates
235
its integument is made up of skin that includes glands, hair, and nails
human
236
in humans, this protects the body, prevents, water loss, regulates body temperature, and senses the external environment
skin
237
Evolutionary adaptations of the integumentary system:
regulation of body temp
excretion of waste materials
vitamin D formation via UV radiation
reception of environmental stimuli
locomotion
movement of nutrients and gas
238
outer covering of the body of vertebrates
integument
239
Commonly referred to as skin
integument
240
Include the mucous membrane lining of the mouth, eyelids, nostrils, and the openings of rectum and urogenital organs
integument
241
Forms the interface between organisms and the external environment
integument
242
Integument consists of two layers
epidermis
dermis
243
between the epidermis and dermis this lies
basal membrane
244
underlying support where epithelial cells are rested
basement membrane
245
Demarcates the underlying connective tissue from epithelium
basement membrae
246
membrane proteins of the epithelial cells are anchored in basal lamina, has two 2 major glycoproteins
basal lamina
247
▪
Laminin
▪
Type IV collagen
▪
Acts as selectively permeable filter between epidermis and dermis connective tissue
basal lamina
248
reticular fibers embedded in ground substance that connect the basal lamina with the underlying CT
reticular lamina
249
*r – layer under the dermis that is made up of very loose connective and adipose tissue
Hypodermis or subcutaneous laye
250
what is converted to vitamin D in skin
cholesterol
251
– arises from ectoderm
epidermis
252
attached to basement membrane, it actively cell divides to replenish the outer periderm
stratum germinativum
253
Differentiates into stratified layer with mucous or keratin coat on the outer surface (prevent desiccation)
epidermis
254
origin varies (layer of skin)
dermis
255
principal origin, from the outer wall of dermomyotome of somites
dermatome
256
form dermatome that settles under the epidermis, some may have stratum compactum that have diffuse, irregular collagen bundles
connective tissue of dermis
257
beneath the dermis, forms the fascia composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
hypodermis
258
provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection
epidermis
259
serves as a location for appendages of skin
dermis
260
called the basement membrane
hypodermis
261
composed of epithelial cells derived from ectoderm
epidermis
262
Serve as the interface between the organism and environment
epidermis
263
Made up of stratified squamous layer of epithelial cells
epidermis
264
in them, epidermis is covered by a thin coat of mucus and contains unicellular glands
aquatic vertebrates
265
in them, epidermis is covered by a dead, water resistant cornified cells (s. corneum)
terrestrial vertebrates
266
outermost; composed of dead cells; keratinized
stratum corneum
267
Keratinized layer of skin responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemical and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection
stratum corneum
268
translucent layer, composed of flat, dead and non-nucleated cells
stratum lucidum
269
– composed of keratohyaline granules
stratum granulosum
270
prickle cell layer; composed of Langerhans cells
stratum spinosum
271
inner layer, composed of actively dividing cells
stratum germinativum
272
90 percent of epidermal cells; produce keratin
keratinocytes
273
8 percent of epidermal cells; produce melanin
melanocytes
274
capable of trapping antigen in the skin
langerhans cells
275
make contact with the ending of a sensory neuron
merkel cells
276
lies below the epidermis and contains an umber of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatic tissue
dermis
277
Consist of loose connective tissue otherwise called areolar connective tissue – collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers are present
dermis
278
Provides tensile strength and physiologic support for the interfacing epidermis
dermis
279
Has an ancient and persistent potential to form bone
dermis
280
also known as hypodermis, not part of the skin, lies below the dermis
subcutaneous layer
281
Purpose is to attach the skin to the underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves
subcutaneous layer
282
Consist of loose connective tissue and elastin
hypodermis
283
main cell types of hypodermis
macrophages
fibroblast
adipocytes
284
Contains 50 percent of body fat
hypodermis
285
serves as a padding and insulation for the body
dermis
286
provides concealing coloration to the integument
chromatophore
287
Occurs in certain cells in a form of small granules contained in chromatophores (pigment-bearing cells)
chromatophore
288
Pigment-bearing cells of lower vertebrates, including fish that cater the ability of individual animals to shift body coloration and pattern
chromatophore
289
color change provides this protection
camouflage
290
Pigment granules are dispersed = greatest/less amount of color
greatest amount color
291
Pigment granules are concentrated about the nucleus =
greater/ less amount of color
292
such as in octopi, have pigments that are attached to muscles in which the brain can control
underwater chromatophore
293
skin color depends on the background color of this layer of the skin
stratum germinativum
294
ability to change color, controlled by the endocrine and nervous system
metachromatosis
295
pigment cell that ranges from yellow, brown, to black
melanophores
296
Chiefly found in S. basale
melanophores
297
protects the chromosomes of mitotically active basal cell against light
-induced damaged
melanin
298
Ectodermal in origin, but are derived exclusively in neural crest of embryo, from where they migrate to all other parts of the body
melanophores
299
phagocytize pigment as it accumulates them especially when skin is exposed to sun
basal cells
300
seen where melanin is concentrated in one spot
freckles or mole
301
not just under the control of light, as hormones produced by the pituitary and the adrenal glands also affect pigmentation
pigmentation
302
Disease of two ____organs can result in changes of pigmentation of the skin
endocrine
303
includes carotenoids, xanthophores, and erythropores
lipophores
304
pigment colored yellow, orange, and red
carotenoids
305
yellow pigment
xanthophores
306
red pigment
erythrophores
307
causes iridescence in vertebrates (fishes)
iridophores and guanophores
308
Contains guanin (purine) crystals
iridophores
309
–from s. germinativum (epidermis) comprising of exocrine glands
grandular epithelium
310
have ducts that directly empties onto the epithelium
exocrine
311
Type of glands as to composition
unicellular
multicellular
312
single-celled mucus-secreting glands
unicellular gland
313
growth of s. germinativum (epidermis) into dermal region
what kind of gland
multicellular gland
314
example of unicellular gland
goblet cell
315
elongated, binucleated (in amphibians), secretes mucus and may contain chemicals that stimulates alarm or fea
club cells
316
secreted by individuals in captivity as warning to others
club cells
317
secretes mucus in skin (lampreys and other fishes)
granular cells
318
narrow apical end, wide base (Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes)
goblet cells
319
secrete large, membrane-bound toxic products to repel enemies
sacciform
320
lands with a tube-like shape throughout their length
tubular gland
321
Types of tubular gland (4)
simple
simple coiled
simple branched
compound tubular
322
short blind tubes located in the dermis and extend to the surface
tubular gland?
simple tubular
323
example include thumb pads (anurans) and ceruminous gland
simple tubular
324
long, narrow tube, coiled distal end located in the dermis, openings are referred to as pores of the
skin
simple coiled
325
sweat gland is what kind of tubular gland
simple coiled
326
divides at its distal ends in two or more branches
simple branched
327
Sweat glands in the axilla
simple branched
328
consist of varying number of simple tubular glands
compound tubular
329
mammary gland is an example of
compound tubular
330
glands with a saclike secretory portion
saccular (alveolar) glands
331
only one expanded bulb or acinus at the end of the duct
simple saccular
332
Mucous and poison glands (amphibians)
simple saccular
333
with several acini arranged along a single excretory duct, with single acinus divided by partitions into several smaller acini
simple branched
334
a type of sebaceous gland with tubulo-acinar structure and holocrine function, located in the superior and inferior tarsal plates) , sebaceous or oil glands
Meibomian glands
335
composed of several simple saccular glands called lobules
compound sacular
336
true glands; not destroyed during secretion
merocrine glands
337
type of glands as to method of secretion
Holocrine glands
Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands
338
type of gland as to method of secretion of sweat gland
merocrine
339
part of the cell is destroyed that go with the secretion
apocrine gland
340
entire cell goes with the secretion but a new cell is produced to replace it
holocrine gland
341
Sebaceous or oil gland
type of gland as to secretion
holocrine gland
342
Apical portion of cells are pinched off and lost during the secretory process, resulting in a product that contains molecular components of the membrane
holocrine gland
343
Involve the death of the cell as the secretory cell is released and it breaks apart
holocrine gland
344
– secrete mucus, examples include unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates and some simple saccular gland of fishes and amphibians
mucous gland
345
secrete watery substance
serous gland
346
also known as sudoriferous gland
serous gland
347
secrete oily substance
sebaceous gland
348
uropygial gland of birds
what ype of gland
sebaceous gland
349
ceruminous glands and meibomian glands of humans
sebaceous gland
350
formed from stratum germinativum, characteristic of terrestrial tetrapods
type of scale
epidermal scales
351
usually shed and replaced from time to time
epidermal scale
352
scutes of turtles and snakes
type of scale?
epidermal
353
mesenchymal origin
type of scale
dermal scale
354
fishes’ scales
type of scale?
dermal scale
355
small, thick scales possessed only by Latimeria (lobe-finned fish)
cosmoid scale
356
thick layer of cosmoid scale
cosmine
357
thin layer of cosmoid scale
enamel
358
consist of a basal plate embedded in the dermis with a caudally directed spine projecting to the epidermis
placoid
359
– part of placoid scale that contains a central pulp cavity for blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymph channels from dermis
spine
360
plate and spine is made up of what material (placoid)
dentine
361
covers the spine in placoid scale
enamel
362
modification include shark teeth; dorsal fin spines
placoid scale
363
rhomboidal in shape, composed of bones
rhomboid/ganoid
364
shiny material covering ganoid scales
ganoin
365
found in gars, sturgeons, paddle fish, red fish, bichirs
type of scale
rhomboid
366
bony layer is characterized by concentric ridges (growth increments), anterior portion is embedded to the dermis, allow increased flexibility of the body
ctenoid
367
with comb-like or serrated edges along the rear margins
ctenoid
368
scale that has a smooth rear margin
teleost or bony fish scales
369
skin of these organisms is non-keratinized and covered by a mucus cuticle
fish
370
function of the mucus cuticle in fishes:
➢prevents penetration of bacteria
➢contributes to the laminar flow of water across the surface
➢make fish slippery to predators
➢includes chemicals that are repugnant or toxic to enemies
371
part of the layer of skin of fishes that is alive and active on body surface, no superficial layer of keratinized cells
epidermis
372
in fish, mitosis is not restricted to the basal layer
true or false?
true
373
two types of cells in epidermis in fishes
epidermal cells
specialized unicellular glands
374
make up stratified epidermis
epidermal cells
375
connected through junctions containing numerous secretory vesicles that are released to the surface
specialized unicellular glands
376
in them, the epidermis is composed of stacked layers of numerous epidermal cells containing large granular cells and elongated club cells
hagfish and lampreys
377
their dermis is organized into regular layers of fibrous connective tissue containing pigment cells
hagfish and lampreys
378
contain multicellular slime glands (hagfishes
hagfish and lampreys
379
include a basal layer of cells and stratified epidermal cells above, secretory and club cells occur contributing to the mucous cuticle, there is a larger saciform cell
osetichthyes
380
Dermis is subdivided into superficial layer of loose connective tissue and deep
layer of dense fibrous tissue
which type of fishes?
Osteichthyes
381
numerous secretory cells and stratified epidermal cells are present in this organism’s epidermis, there is also chromatophore in the lower part
Chondrichthytes
382
Dermis composed of elastic and collagen fibers giving the skin strength and prevents it from wrinkling during swimming
Chondrichthytes
383
also known as goniochromism is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes
Iridescence
384
guanin (purine crystal); causes iridescence in fishes
Guanophores
385
its integument can be used as a respiratory surface (cutaneous respiration)
amphibians
386
Frog, salamander, caecilian, toad, and newt
amphibians
387
divided into four layers: in amphibians
epidermis
388
thin allowing cutaneous respiration in amphibians
stratum corneum
389
four epidermal layers of amphibians
s. basale
s. spinosum
s. granulosum
s. corneum
390
reach into the lower part for cutaneous respiration
capillary beds
391
thinner, composed of fibrous connective layer in amphibians, divided into 2 layers:
dermis
392
two dermal layers in amphibians
stratum spongiosum
stratum compactum
393
its integument is more adapted to terrestrial existence that amphibians
reptiles
394
There is extensive keratinization, fewer skin glands
reptiles
395
Turtle, skink, tortoise, snake, chameleon, lizard, crocodile, gecko
reptiles
396
reptile epidermis is divided into three layers
s. basale
s. granulosum
s. corneum
397
where epidermal scales are present in reptiles
stratum corneum
398
dermal bones located under the epidermal scale are found in crocodiles, some lizards, and some extinct reptiles
dermis
399
Composed of fibrous connective tissue
dermis
400
large, plate-like scales modified into crests, spines, or horn-like processes
scutes
401
shedding of cornified layer of the skin
molting or ecdysis
402
Usually periodic and complete in snakes and some lizards but often only partial in other species
molting or ecdysis
403
Dependent upon the health of the snake, the ambient temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors
molting or ecdysis
404
in molting, duplicates the deeper layer of granulosum and corneum forming new skin
s. basale
405
temp. layer filled with WBC that isf formed between old and new skin
stratum intermediu
406
promote the sseparation and loss of the old superficial layer of the skin
WBC
407
bony plate inside the skin in alligators
osteoderms
408
in reptiles, are restricted to certain areas of the body, important in reproductive behavior and protection
skin glands
409
– found along the underside of hindlimbs in thigh region of lizards
femoral glands
410
open into the cloaca and on to the margins of the lower jaw in crocodiles and in some turtles
scent glands
411
their integument is adapted to free movement over the muscles
birds
412
➢
delicate except in exposed areas (leg and feet)
➢
covered and protected by feathers
bird integument
413
composed of stratum basale, transitional layer, and stratum corneum
epidermis
414
richly supplied with blood vessels, sensory nerves, and smooth muscles
dermis
415
highly vascularized dermis in the breast during brooding season
brood patches
416
secretes lipid and protein products used in preening to make the feathers weather repellent
uropygial gland
417
located in or on the skull usually in the eyes, nose, or mouth containing secretory tubules which radiate outward from the excretory canal at the center (2), excrete excess salt
salt gland
418
epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on dinosaurs, both avian (bird) and some non-avian (non-bird) and possibly other archosauromorphs
feathers
419
maintenance behavior found in birds that involves the use of the beak to position feathers, interlock feather barbules that have become separated, clean plumage, and keep ectoparasites in check
preening
420
– group of animals that have feathers
aves
421
modified reptilian scales, formed from the beta-keratin layer of the epidermis
feathers
422
Long, slender shaft with few barbs at distal end
feathers
423
part of the feather embedded in skin
quill or calamus
424
their feathers are unusual in length
peacocks
425
– very small and have only a very few barbs at their tips, they are believed to have a sensory function, helping birds keep their feathers in order
filoplume
426
smaller and lack the barbules and their accompanying hooklets so they are not zipped together and do not look as neat
down feathers
427
Soft and fluffy, Provide most of the insulation to the avian body
down feathers
428
feather present in Falcon
semiplume
429
arise from feather tracts or pterylae
contour feather or plumae
430
hollow quill, embedded in the skin, long shaft
calamus
431
solid part that bears the vane of the feather
rachis
432
part of the feather that is broad, flat portion-exposed
vane
433
Gives avian body outline or contour
vane
434
contour feather on the wings
flight feathers or remiges
435
feathers on the tail
retrices
436
Common in most birds except penguins and ostriches
retrices
437
part of the bird’s skin that does not have feather
apterylae
438
with minute feathers or insulation but not for flight or swimming
penguin feathers
439
derived from the epidermis in beavers
beaver-tail
440
homologous to fingernails in amniotes
hooves
441
made of bone
antlers
442
not bone, do not fall off each year
horns
443
stratified squamous (keratinized)
epithelial tissue
444
glue-like layer
basement membrane
445
dense, fibrous, connective tissue, blood vessel, nerves etc. is present in this layer
connective tissue
446
layer of superficial fascia, subcutaneous tissue
areolar or adiposte tissue
447
ectoderm origin
epidermis
448
mesoderm origin
dermis
449
elongated, binucleated (amphibians), secretes mucus, may contain chemicals that stimulates alarm or fear
club cells
450
secretes mucus in skin (lampreys and other fishes)
granular cells
451
narrow apical end, wide base (Osteichthyes & chonrichthyes), secretes mucus
goblet cells
452
secrete large, membrane-bound toxic products to repel enemies
sacciform cells
453
Multicellular exocrine glands can be further divided on branching pattern of ducts:
simple
compound
454
formed in the s. germinativum, found in terrestrial tetrapods, shed and replaced from time to time (ecdysis)
epidermal cells
455
derives from dermal bone, dermatome origin
dermal scales
456
skin of these group of animals are non-keratinized and covered with mucus cuticle
integument of fishes
457
alive and active on body surface, no superficial layer of dead keratinized cells
epidermis of fishes
458
more adapted to terrestrial environment, extensive keratinization, fewer skin glands
integument of reptiles
459
permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals that consist of covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone
horn
460
single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels
antlers
461
single protrusions without forking, grow throughout the animal’s life and are never shed, made of
bone covered by keratin sheath
horns
462
extensions of the animal’s skull, made entirely of bone, shed and regrown in a larger size each year
antlers
463
tip of a toe of a ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering
hooves
464
amphibians integument undergoes molting or ecdysis because of extensive keratinization
false
465
which of the ff describes the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates
unicellular with keratinized epithelium
unicellular with nonkeratinized epithelium
multicellular with keratnizined epithelium
multicellular with nonkeratnized epithelium
multicellular with keratinized
466
dermis of crocordiles and lizaerds are composed of connective tissues and dermal bone
true or false?
true
467
cells are epidermal cells that serve as our immune sentinels
langerhans
468
unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates
mucous gland
469
vascular segment of integumentary system is called ___
dermis
470
reptiles exhibits more keratinized skin with more glands
true or false
false
471
secretes oil used for preening makes the feather water repellant
uropygial gland
472
skin of most fish is non-keratinized and covered with mucus cuticle (True/False)
true
473
sweat gland type of gland as to type of secretion
merocrine
474
oil gland as to type of secretion
holocrine
475
mammary gland as to type of secretion
apocrine
476
match the ff
sebaceous gland
apocrine gland
serous gland
alveolar gland
mucous gland
sweat gland
mammary gland
unicellular gland of aquatic vertebrates
meibomian gland
poison gland
sebaceous - meibomian
apocrine - mammary
serous - sweat
alveolar - poison
mucous - unicellular
477
why is studying the morphology of bones important
reveals evol trend of vertebrate phylogeny, specific adaptations of vertebrates essentrial fore their survival such as posture and locomotion
478
Origins & insertions of most skeletal muscles are on
_____ (basis for naming muscles)
bones
479
reveal various
sizes and courses of cranial nerves (senses)
foramina
480
Important blood vessels pass also through ____
for nutrient supply
foramina
481
reveal relative development of the different
structures of the brain.
braincase
482
housed also in the braincase such as
nasal chambers (choanae), orbits (eye cavity) and otic
(ear) cavities.
sense organs
483
choanae
nasal chambers
484
eye cavity
orbits
485
earcavities
otic
486
give shape to the body, support body weight
bones
487
As protective & supportive system, it can be divided
into 2 types
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
488
external hard covering
exoskeleton
489
Skin-derived: epidermis gives rise to keratin,
dermis gives rise to bones.
exoskeleton
490
internal body framework
endoskeleton
491
Formed from mesoderm, not directly from the
integument
endoskeleton
492
Skeleton can be divided into:
Cranial
Postcranial
493
Skull or Cranium
cranal skeleton
494
otochord, vertebral column, ribs,
sternum
axial skeleton
495
median fin skeletons
(fishes), pectoral & pelvic girdles, paired fins
skeleton, upper and lower limbs (tetrapods)
appendicular skeleton
496
calcium source
type of skeleton (composition
Mineralized CT
497
dentin, enamel, cartilage, bony
mode
Mineralized CT
498
differentiated into
scleroblasts
Mesenchyme
499
anlagen of osteoblasts
(bones), chondroblasts (cartilage), odontoblasts
(dentin), ameloblasts (enamel)
scleroblast (blastema)
500
cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones
osteoblast
501
cells that play an important role in the formation of cartilage
chondroblast
502
re tall columnar cells located at the periphery of the dental pulp.
odontoblast
503
cells present only during tooth development that deposit tooth enam
ameloblast
504
irregularly shaped cells, in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers, gives rise to all other types of connective tissue
mesenchyme
505
comprise endoskeleton of higher
vertebrates
special connective tissue
506
differentiates
into muscle, cartilage or bone develop into either
fibroblasts or osteoblasts
blastema
507
form collagen
fibroblast
508
impregnated with calcium and inorganic salts
(30% of bony tissue); calcium hydroxyapatite
crystals (60% of the bone) provide compressive
strength for the bone
matrix
509
30 percent of bone tissue
calcium and inorganic salts
510
60 percent of the bone
calcium hydroxyapatite
511
housed in lacunae with bony matrix
osteoblasts
512
are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae, canals surrounding lamellae
haversian canals
513
cell that maintains bone tissue
osteocyte
514
cell that form bone matrix
osteoblast
515
stem gell in bones
osteogenic cell
516
resorbs bone
osteoclast
517
type of bones
hard bone/compact bone
spongy bone
518
concentric rings of matrix around the haversian canal
lamellae
519
passage for blood vessels and nerves
haversian canal
520
structures that contain each osteocyte
lacunae
521
tiny canals protruding from the lacunae connecting access to haversian canal via lamellae, since the haversian canal allows access to blood vessels for nutrient supply
canaliculi
522
type of growth since insterstitial growth is inhibited by the presence of rigid matrix, deposition of minerals and inorganic salts
appositional growth
523
bones are formed in two ways:
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
524
process by which membrane bones are formed such as bones of the lower jaw, skull, and pectoral girdle
intramembranous ossifiction
525
ossification in teleost, urodeles, and apodans
intramembranous ossification
526
process by which bone is
deposited in pre-existing cartilage forming a cartilage
bone or a replacement bone.
endochondral ossification
527
A model for the formation of endoskeleton in ALL
vertebrates
cartilage
528
differentiates into
chondroblasts (young cartilage cells) or osteoblasts
(young bone cells)
blastema (mesenchymal cells)
529
young cartilage cells
chondroblast
530
young bone cells
osteoblast
531
housed in lacunae
(spaces) develops into chondrocyte or osteocyte
chondroblasts and osteoblasts
532
secrete a clear matrix
chondrocytes
533
where each
daughter cell forms matrix & cartilage grows
instertitial growth
534
cartilage in the adult body
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
535
most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline
536
example of hyaline cartilage
ribs (costal cartilage)
articular surface of bones
larynx
trachea
bronchi
537
Contains more elastin fibers (cartilage)
elastic cartilage
538
location of elastic cartilage
external ear
epiglottis
539
Fibrous attachment in between bones, and
attachment of tendons and ligaments.
(cartilage)
fibrocartilage
540
fibrocartilagei s present in
invertebral discs
attachment of tendons and ligaments
541
exoskeleton can be (@)
keratinized exoskeleton
bony exoskeleton
542
cranial skeleto ncan be (3)
splanchnocranium
chondrocranium
dermatocranium
543
Cranial skeleton
Jaw
Centra & Vertebral Column
Ribs & Sternum
axial skeleton
544
Pectoral and Pelvic girdles
Upper and Lower limbs
appendicular skeleton
545
skeletal framework of a vertebrate head
skull
546
has a skull consisting of a braincase and cartilages of the tongue
lamprey
547
skull made of a braincase and isolated upper and lower jaw bars
shark
548
embryonic component that includes cartilaginous brain case or neurocranium
and cartilaginous capsules of olfactory, optic, and
otic sense organs. The chondrocranium is replaced
by bones in most vertebrates
chondrocranium
549
is derived from the visceral or pharyngeal skeleton
which is cartilaginous but becomes largely replaced
or invested by bones in higher forms. It provides
support to the gills and forms the jaws and
suspensorium in gnathostomes.
splanchnorcranium
550
It consists of dermal bones which become attached
to the chondrocranium and splancnocranium in bony
fishes and tetrapoda. A dermatocranium is absent in
cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, and a few higher
fishes because the entire skull is cartilaginous.
dermatocranium
551
Make up the skeleton of the jaws & gills in fishes &
amphibians
splanchnocranium
552
establishes a supportive
platform that is joined by the contributions from
Splanchnocranium (green), the epipterygoid.
chondrocranium
553
gives rise to articular,
quadrate, hyomandibula & hyoid apparatus.
splanchnocranium
554
encases most of the
chondrocranium together with contributions from
the splanchnocranium
dermatocranium
555
any small oepning or pore
fenestra
556
has been the most problematic, partly
because the origin of this condition has long been
debated.
euryapsid
557
This skull is modified from the ___
condition
diapsid
558
possess only an upper temporal fenestra, usually
bordered by the parietal, postfrontal, postorbital, and
squamosal. - Ex: Placodonts, nothosaurs, and
plesiosaurs (marine reptiles of the Mesozoic era)
euryapsid
559
possess single temporal fenestra bordered by the
jugal, postorbital, and squamosal. The quadratojugal
and the parietal occasionally contribute to the edge of
this fenestra. (Ex: mammals, therapsids &
pelycosaurs=fin-backed lizard)
synapsid
560
this fenestra can be called a lower
temporal fenestra
diapsid
561
is derived from the most anterior
two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and
usually bears numerous teeth
vertebrate jaw
562
jawless fishes
agnaths
563
theory that states jaw formed from 1 anterior branchial
arches
serial theory
564
theory stating mandibular arch - formed from
several adjacent arches (neurocranium)
composite theory
565
ormed from
epibranchial(premandibular arch) & Epibranchial &
pharyngobranchial(mandibular arch)
palatoquadrate
566
formed from ceratobranchial
meckel's cartilage
567
formed from epi/cerato/
hypobranchial (3rd gill
hyoid arch
568
jaw attachment with no suspension to the skull
plasteostyly
569
mandibular
arch suspended by ligaments between
chondrocranium and palatoquadrate; attached
directly to skull but no hyoid arch support.
euautostyly
570
(primitive sharks, some osteichthyes,
crossopterygians or lobe-finned fish) dual suspension by palatoquadrate and hyomandibula; 2
articulations with hyomandibula.
amphistyly
571
(modern sharks and actinopterygians):
suspension by hyomandibula; supported by
sympletic bone - provides more mobile upper jaw
hyostyly
572
(most amphibians, reptiles)
suspension by quadrate bone (ossification of
posterior region of palatoquadrate cartilage).
metautostyly
573
the ossification of the posterior
part of Meckel's cartilage.
articular bone
574
the jaws are mostly dermal
elements. Metautostyly frees up the
hyomandibular for other functions (see below).
tetrapods
575
Support from quadrate and palatoquadrate bones
metautostyly
576
entire upper jaw
incorporated into braincase and lower jaw is
suspended. The mammals' jaws are completely
dermal. The Meckel's cartilage and palatoquadrate
ossifications are in the middle ear.
craniostyly
577
in Teleosts; supported also by
the hyomandibula
modified hyostyly
578
Forms the main axis of the body
axial skeleton
579
Composed of the notochord, vertebral column, ribs
and the sternum
axial skeleton
580
The primitive axial skeleton, replaced by the
vertebral column
notochord
581
Unsegmented and composed of dense fibrous
connective tissue
notochord
582
The first skeletal element to appear in the embryo of
chordates
notochord
583
composed of a centrum, one or two
arches and various processes
vertebra
584
vertebral colum originated from where
notochord
585
structure of vertebral column that accomodate rib, and lateral process
centrum
586
head of the rib in v.c.
capitulum
587
arches in v.c.
neural arch
haemal arch
588
arch surrounds blood vessels
haemal arch
589
type of vertebra based on centra:
no centra
aspondyly
590
type of vertebra
1 centrum
monospondyly
591
type of vertebra with two centra
diplospondyly
592
type of vertebra with 5 to 6 centra
polyspondyly
593
type of vertebra with centra/spine separate
aspidospondyly
594
type of vertebra with fused centra
holospondyly
595
type of centra based on shapes
flat ended
concave
596
type of centra that limit motion, withstand compression
flat-ended
597
type of centra that permits any direction, vertical and lateral flexion, but prevent rotation
concave
598
type of centra that is concave, both ends permit any direction
amphiocoelus
599
type of centra that is concave, convex, permits any direction
procoeous
600
saddle shaped centrum
heterocoelous
601
flat-ended; withstand compression
mammals
602
tail in sharrks
heterocercal tail
603
tail in lungfishes
diphycercal
604
tail in teleost
homocercal tail
605
This foramen is where sciatic nerve passes through
that innervates the lower limbs
obturator foramen
606
Upright and improved locomotion of mammals is
through well-developed and greater sciatic nerve,
thus this has to increase in size.
obturator formaen
607
type of gait
plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade
608
- entire sole touches the ground
- primitive type
- humans
humans
609
- metacarpals & metatarsals with
pads
- elevated wrists & ankles
- reduced thumb
- rabbits; cats
digitigrade
610
m is a group of organs that originates
from the endodermic cells of the developing embryo. The
organs of the skeletal system (osteo-) is primarily
composed of two (2) types of cells which are
the cartilaginous cells (chondrocytes and
chondroblasts) and calcified cells (osseous cells –
osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts).
skeletal system
611
(chondrocytes and
chondroblasts
cartilaginous cells
612
osseous cells –
osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts)
calcified skells
613
Forms an important part of the endoskeleton in ALL VERTEBRATES
cartilage
614
Organic component is primarily ____, which gives bone great tensile strength
collagen
615
* Major site of red marrow for production of blood cells.
bone
616
Plays a role in the metabolism of minerals (calcium and
phosphate)
bones
617
solid, strong bone that is resistant to bending located along the diaphysis of long bones
compact bone
618
provide solid structure to the skeltal frame, forms hollow tube called medullary cavity
compact bone
619
made of many branching, bony plates
compact and spongy bone
620
reduces the weight of the bone, provides strength to bones especially against forces of compression
spongy bone
621
highly organized transformation of cartilage to bone
endochondral
622
appositional periosteal bone formation
intramembranous
623
retain a cartilaginous neurocranium throughout life
cartilaginous fishes
624
retain highly cartilaginous neocranium that is covered by membrane bone
bony fishes, lungfishes, and most ganoids
625
embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone
other bony vertebrates
626
cartilage surrounding the formaen magnum and replaced as many as four bones
occipital centers
627
forms basisphenoid bone, presphenoid bone, side walls above basisphenoid and presphenoid form
sphenoid centers
628
tend to remain cartilaginous and form
ethmoid
629
cartilaginous otic capsule replaced in lower vertebrates
otic centers
630
– retain a
chondrocranium throughout life
cartilaginous fishes
631
retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium
bony fishes, lungfishes, most ganoids
632
embryonic cartilaginous
neurocranium is largely replaced by bone
tetrapods
633
primitive skull, has no temporal fenestra, possessed by turtles, and other primitive reptiles
anapsid skull
634
has two temporal fenestrae, possessed by most members of diapsida including crocodile, birds, and lizards
diapsid skull
635
derived diapsid
euryapsid skull
636
one fenestra located in a different place than euryapsid skull
synapsid
637
composed of dermal bones that overlie the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium
dermatocranium
638
encircles the external naris forming the snout
facial series
639
encircles the eye defining the orbit
orbital series
640
lies behind the orbit completing the posterior wall of the braincase
temporal series
641
located across the top of skull covering the brain beneath
vault series or roofing bones
642
dermal bones of primary palate covering the roof of the mouth
palatal series
643
encases the meckel's cartilage
mandibular series
644
ancient chordate structure associated with filter feeding surfaces
splanchnocranium
645
arises from the neural crest departed from the sides of neural tube and migrate into the walls of the pharynx between successive pharyngeal slits
splanchnocranium
646
Make up the skeleton of the jaws and gills in Fishes and
Amphibians
splanchnocranium
647
May remain cartilaginous or become covered by dermal
bone
splanchnocranium
648
characteristic of jaw attachment of agnathans, none of the arches attach directly to the skull
paleostylic
649
earliest jawed condition, found in placoderms, and acanthodians
euautostylic
650
found in early sharks, some osteichthyians and crossopterygians
amphistylic
651
found imodern bony fishes, mandibular arch is attached to the braincase primarily through hyomandibula with aid of symplectic bone
hyostylic
652
found in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, attached to the braincase directly through quadrate bone
metautostylic
653
found in mammals, entire upper jaw is part of the braincase but lower jaw is dentary bone is suspended from the squamosal bone
craniostylic
654
composed of centrum, one or two arches, and various processes
vertebra
655
monospondylous vertebra in which single centrum is separate
stereospondyly
656
two centra per segment
diplospondyly
657
diplospondylous vertebra in which approximate equal sized central are separate
embolomerous
658
centra and spine are separate
aspidospondyly
659
centra and spines are fusedi nto single bone
holospondyly
660
holospondylous vertebra with husk shaped centrum usually pierced by notochordal canal
lepospondyly
661
type of centra based on shapes (5)
amphicoelous
procoelous
opisthocoelous
heterocoelous
acoelous
662
persistent in adults jawless vertebrates, Placoderms,
Chimaeras, Pleurachants, Dipnoans, Acanthodians, Crossopterygians and
Primitive ray-finned fishes
notochord
663
have no free caudal vertebrae instead a rodlike urostyle
anurans
664
are unique in forming bony platelike caps or
epiphyses at the ends of their centra posterior to the first
intervertebral joint
mammals
665
series of cartilaginous or elongated bony structures served as attachment for the vertebrate extending into the body wall
ribs
666
meet ventrally with the sternum, consist of two jointed segments
true ribs
667
vertebral or costal rib
proximal sgement
668
sternal rib
distal segment
669
articulate iwth each other but not with sternum
false ribs
670
do not articulate ventrally
floating ribs
671
midventral skeletal element that usually articulates with the more anterior thoracic ribs and the pectoral girdle
sternum
672
occur in all jawless vertebrates
median fins
673
prevent body from turning around the vertical axis (yawing) and around the longitudinal axis (rolling)
dorsal and anal fins
674
dorsal and anal fins are supported within the contour of the body by a series of rod-like radials
pterygiophores
675
if the spine is straight to the tip of the tail
diphycercal
676
if the spine tilts downwards with longer ventral lobe than dorsal loe
hypocercal
677
if the spine tilts upward with longer dorsal lobe than ventral lobe
heterocercal
678
if all the fin membrane is posterior to the spine with equal ventral and dorsal lobe
homocercal
679
older, larger and more complicated thna pelvic girdle
pectoral girdle
680
right and left halves fused on the midline forming a U-shaped girdle
pectoral girddle
681
have a blade-like scapula that is oriented to the spine
birds
682
membrane bone in therian mammals
clavicle
683
much enlarged over that of fishes, relatively uniform in basic structure
tetrapods
684
solid, triangular shaped pelvic girlde with the ilium forming the apex
primitive amphibian
685
have various shapes patterned after basic plan of labyrinthodonts
reptiles
686
have large pelvic girdle that is firmly attached to the synsacrum
birds
687
have a long and expanded ilium extending only forward from the acetabulum
mammals
688
Bones of the wrist
carpus
689
bones of ankle
tarsus
690
collective term for carpal and tarsal bones
podials
691
forefoot
manus
692
hindfoot
pes
693
collective term for metacarpals and metatarsals
metapodials
694
marrow of long bones produce blood cells, a function not
performed by the skeleton of fishes.
amphibians and higher vertebrates
695
have limbs positioned far to the sides of the body except some
dinosaurs and mammal-like reptiles which are under body
reptiles
696
are usually cartilaginous but
* may ossify in lizards
epiphyses
697
* Phalageal formula in Reptiles
manus and pes
* 3-4-5-3 for manus
* 2-3-4-5-4 for pes
698
* Phalageal formula of foot in birds
2-3-4-5-0
699
forms the heelbone or calcaneum
tarsus, fibulare
700
joins the intermedium forming a large bone called astragalus that
lies over the calcaneum
tibiale
701
basic pharyngeal formula in mammals
2-3-3-3-3
702
bones embedded in interrupting tendon
sesamoid bone
703
example of sesamoid bone
patella
704
bone in the penis of carnivores, bats, insectivores, ordents, and some priates
baculum
705
type of locomotion
graviportal
cursorial
volant
aerial
saltatorial
aquatic
fossorial
scansorial
arboreal
706
familiarize youself with tables
GOODLUCK BEH POTA
707
