EW Fundamentals Flashcards
0
Q
As per FM 3–36, what is Electronic Warfare?
A
Electronic warfare is military action involving the use of electromagnetic and direct energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy.
1
Q
What’s FM covers Electronic Warfare?
A
FM 3–36
2
Q
As per FM 3–36, what is an operational environment?
A
An operational environment is a composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander.
3
Q
As per FM 3–36, what is the electromagnetic spectrum?
A
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of EM radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26 alphabetically designated bands. The spectrum is a continuum of all EM waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
4
Q
IR
A
Infrared
5
Q
EHF
A
Extremely high frequency
6
Q
ELF
A
Extremely low frequency
7
Q
GHz
A
Gigahertz
8
Q
HF
A
High-frequency
9
Q
LF
A
Low frequency
10
Q
MF
A
Medium frequency
11
Q
MHz
A
Megahertz
12
Q
SHF
A
Super high frequency
13
Q
UHF
A
Ultra high-frequency
14
Q
UV
A
Ultraviolet
15
Q
VHF
A
Very high-frequency
16
Q
VLF
A
Very low frequency
17
Q
EW consists of what three divisions?
A
Electronic attack (EA) Electronic protection (EP) Electronic warfare support (ES)
18
Q
Name examples of systems and targets dependent on the EM spectrum.
A
Military communications Commercial communications Maritime sensors Airborne sensors Ground-based sensors Positioning/navigation/timing systems Foreign media Weapons of mass destruction Improvised explosive devices Space-based sensors and relays Motors and generators Electrical fuses Infrastructures Network apertures Personnel Deeply buried targets
19
Q
Electronic Attack (EA)
A
The use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires.
20
Q
What are “principal EW activities?”
A
Principal EW activities support unified land operations by exploiting the opportunities and vulnerabilities inherent in the use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
21
Q
Electronic Attack (EA) includes:
A
Electromagnetic jamming (CREW) Electromagnetic deception Directed energy Anti-radiation missile Expendables (such as flares and active decoys)
22
Q
EA activities (6):
A
Countermeasures EM deception EM intrusion EM jamming EM pulse EM probing
23
Q
Electronic Protection (EP)
A
Actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy from a combat capability.
25
Electronic Protection (EP) includes:
Spectrum management
Electromagnetic hardening
Emission control
Reprogramming
25
Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
Actions task by, or under the direct control of, and operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.
26
EP activities (8):
27
Electronic Warfare Support (ES) include:
Threat warning
Collection supporting electronic warfare
Direction finding
28
ES activities (3):
Electronic reconnaissance
Electronic intelligence
Electronic security
29
Define "Countermeasures."
Countermeasures are that form of military science that, by the employment of devices and/or
techniques, has as its objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity (JP 1-02).
They can be deployed preemptively or reactively. Devices and techniques used for EW countermeasures include electro-optical-infrared countermeasures and radio frequency countermeasures.
30
Define "Electro-optical-infrared countermeasures."
Electro-optical-infrared countermeasures consist of any device or technique employing electrooptical-
infrared materials or technology that is intended to impair or counter the effectiveness of enemy
activity, particularly with respect to precision guided weapons and sensor systems. Electro-optical-infrared is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between the high end of the far infrared and the low end of ultraviolet. Electro-optical-infrared countermeasures may use laser and broadband jammers, smokes/aerosols, signature suppressants, decoys, pyrotechnics/pyrophorics, high-energy lasers, or directed infrared energy countermeasures (JP 3-13.1).
31
Define "Radio Frequency Countermeasures."
Radio frequency countermeasures consist of any device or technique employing radio frequency
materials or technology that is intended to impair the effectiveness of or counter enemy activity,
particularly with respect to precision guided weapons and sensor systems (JP 3-13.1).
32
Define "Electromagnetic Deception."
Electromagnetic deception is the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information to an enemy or to enemy electromagnetic-dependent weapons, thereby degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability (JP 3-13.4). Among the types of electromagnetic deception are the following:
33
Define "Electromagnetic Intrusion."
Electromagnetic intrusion is the intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission
paths in any manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion (JP 1-02).
34
Define "Electromagnetic Jamming."
Electromagnetic jamming is the deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of preventing or reducing an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, with the intent of degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability (JP 1-02).
35
Define "Electromagnetic Pulse."
Electromagnetic pulse is the electromagnetic radiation from a strong electronic pulse, most
commonly caused by a nuclear explosion that may couple with electrical or electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges (JP 1-02).
36
Define "Electronic Probing."
Electronic probing is the intentional radiation designed to be introduced into the devices or systems of potential enemies for the purpose of learning the functions and operational capabilities of the devices (JP 1-02). This activity is coordinated through joint or interagency channels and supported by Army forces.
37
Define "Electronic Reconnaisance."
```
Electronic reconnaissance is the detection, location, identification, and evaluation of foreign
electromagnetic radiations (JP 1-02).
```
38
Define "Electronic Intelligence."
```
Electronic intelligence is technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign
noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or
radioactive sources (JP 1-02).
```
39
Define "Electronics Security."
Electronics security is the protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized
persons information of value that might be derived from their interception and study of
noncommunications electromagnetic radiations, e.g., radar (JP 1-02).
40
Define "Electromagnetic Hardening."
Electromagnetic hardening consists of action taken to protect personnel, facilities, and/or equipment
by filtering, attenuating, grounding, bonding, and/or shielding against undesirable effects of
electromagnetic energy (JP 1-02).
41
Define "Electromagnetic Interference."
Electromagnetic interference is any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and electrical equipment. It can be induced intentionally, as in some forms of electronic warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious
emissions and responses, intermodulation products and the like (JP 1-02).
42
Define "Electronic Masking."
Electronic masking is the controlled radiation of electromagnetic energy on friendly frequencies in a
manner to protect the emissions of friendly communications and electronic systems against enemy electronic warfare support measures/signals intelligence, without significantly degrading the operation of friendly systems (JP 1-02).
43
Define "Electronic Warfare Reprogramming."
Electronic warfare reprogramming is the deliberate alteration or modification of electronic warfare
or target sensing systems, or the tactics and procedures that employ them, in response to validated changes in equipment, tactics, or the electromagnetic environment. These changes may be the result of deliberate actions on the part of friendly, adversary, or third parties; or may be brought about by electromagnetic interference or other inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of electronic warfare reprogramming is to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of electronic warfare and target sensing system equipment.
Electronic warfare reprogramming includes changes to self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems, and intelligence collection systems (JP 3-13.1).
44
Define "Emission Control."
Emission control is the selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to
optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing transmissions for operations security:
a. detection by enemy sensors;
b. mutual interference among friendly systems; and/or c. enemy interference with the ability to execute a military deception plan (JP 1-02).
45
Define "Electromagnetic Spectrum Management."
Electromagnetic spectrum management is planning, coordinating, and managing joint use of the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures. The objective of spectrum management is to enable electronic systems to perform their functions in the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable interference (JP 6-0).
46
Define "Wartime Reserve Modes."
Wartime reserve modes are characteristics and operating procedures of sensors, communications,
navigation aids, threat recognition, weapons, and countermeasures systems that will contribute to military effectiveness if unknown to or misunderstood by opposing commanders before they are used, but could be exploited or neutralized if known in advance. Wartime reserve modes are deliberately held in reserve for wartime or emergency use and seldom, if ever, applied or intercepted prior to such use (JP 1-02).
47
Define "Electromagnetic Compatibility."
Electromagnetic compatibility is the ability of systems, equipment, and devices that utilize the
electromagnetic spectrum to operate in their intended operational environments without suffering
unacceptable degradation or causing unintentional degradation because of electromagnetic radiation or
response. It involves the application of sound electromagnetic spectrum management; system, equipment, and device design configuration that ensures interference-free operation; and clear concepts and doctrines that maximize operational effectiveness (JP 1-02).
48
Define "Control" in respect to EW.
In the context of EW, control of the electromagnetic spectrum is achieved by effectively coordinating friendly systems while countering enemy systems. Electronic attack limits enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic protection secures use of the electromagnetic spectrum for friendly forces, and electronic warfare support enables the commander’s accurate assessment of the situation.
All three are integrated for effectiveness. Commanders ensure maximum integration of communications; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; and information tasks.
49
Define "Detection."
In the context of EW, detection is the active and passive monitoring of the operational environment
for radio frequency, electro-optic, laser, infrared, and ultraviolet electromagnetic threats. Detection is the first step in EW for exploitation, targeting, and defensive planning. Friendly forces maintain the capability to detect and characterize interference as hostile jamming or unintentional electromagnetic interference.
50
Define "Denial."
In the context of EW, denial is controlling the information an enemy receives via the electromagnetic spectrum and preventing the acquisition of accurate information about friendly forces. Degradation uses traditional jamming techniques, expendable countermeasures, destructive measures, or network applications. These range from limited effects up to complete denial of usage.
51
Define "Deception."
In the context of EW, deception is confusing or misleading an enemy by using some combination of
human-produced, mechanical, or electronic means.
Through use of the electromagnetic spectrum, EW deception manipulates the enemy’s decision loop, making it difficult to establish accurate situational
awareness.
52
Define "Disruption and Degradation."
In the context of EW, disruption and degradation techniques interfere with the enemy’s use of the
electromagnetic spectrum to limit enemy combat capabilities. This is achieved with electronic jamming, electronic deception, and electronic intrusion. These enhance attacks on hostile forces and act as force multipliers by increasing enemy uncertainty, while reducing uncertainty for friendly forces. Advanced electronic attack techniques offer the opportunity to nondestructively disrupt or degrade enemy infrastructure.
53
Define "Protection."
In the context of EW, protection is the use of physical properties; operational tactics, techniques, and procedures; and planning and employment processes to ensure friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. This includes ensuring that offensive EW activities do not electronically destroy or degrade friendly intelligence sensors or communications systems. Protection is achieved by component hardening, emission control, and frequency management and deconfliction. Frequency management and deconfliction
include the capability to detect, characterize, geolocate, and mitigate electromagnetic interference that affects operations. Protection includes other means to counterattack and defeat enemy attempts to control the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, organizations such as a joint force commander’s EW staff or a joint EW coordination cell enhance electronic protection by deconflicting EW efforts.
54
Define "Destruction."
Destruction, in the context of EW, is the elimination of targeted enemy systems. Sensors and
command and control nodes are lucrative targets because their destruction strongly influences the enemy’s perceptions and ability to coordinate actions. Various weapons and techniques ranging from conventional munitions and directed energy weapons to network attacks can destroy enemy systems that use the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic warfare support provides target location and related information.
While destroying enemy equipment can effectively deny the enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum, the duration of denial will depend on the enemy’s ability to reconstitute. (See JP 3-13.1.)
55
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Movement and Maneuver" function supported?
The movement and maneuver warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that move forces
to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the enemy. Direct fire is inherent in maneuver, as is close combat (FM 3-0). EW capabilities that enable the movement and maneuver of Army forces include—
56
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Intelligence" function supported?
The intelligence warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding of
the operational environment, enemy, terrain, and civil considerations (FM 3-0). It includes tasks associated with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. EW capabilities that enable the intelligence warfighting function include—
57
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Fires" function supported?
The fires warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide collective and
coordinated use of Army indirect fires, joint fires, and command and control warfare, including nonlethal fires, through the targeting process (FM 3-0).
It includes tasks associated with integrating command and control warfare. EW capabilities that enable the fires warfighting function include—
58
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Sustainment" function supported?
The sustainment warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that provide support and
services to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance (FM 3-0). EW capabilities that enable the sustainment warfighting function include—
59
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Command and Control" function supported?
The command and control warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that support
commanders in exercising authority and direction (FM 3-0). EW capabilities that enable the command and control warfighting function include—
60
EW capabilities support each of the six warfighting functions. How is the "Protection" function supported?
The protection warfighting function is the related tasks and systems that preserve the force so the
commander can apply maximum combat power (FM 3-0). EW capabilities and actions that enable the protection warfighting function include—
61
What are the duties of the EW Officer on the Staff?
As a member of the G-3 or S-3 staff, the EW officer plans, coordinates, and supports the execution
of EW. The EW officer—
62
Define this EW tool; "ARMY REPROGRAMMING ANALYSIS TEAM."
The Army Reprogramming Analysis Team (ARAT) supports tactical commanders. It provides timely
reprogramming of any Army-supported software used for target acquisition, target engagement,
measurement and signature intelligence, and vehicle and aircraft survivability (including that operated by other Services). The team provides software changes not readily possible by operator input to respond to rapid deployments or changes in the operational environment. See their Web site at https://ako.sec.army.mil/arat/index.html (Army Knowledge Online login required).
ARAT provides reprogramming support to counter-radio-controlled improvised-explosive-device
(IED) electronic warfare (EW) (sometimes referred to as CREW), and other electronic systems.
The team is accessible via the Army Reprogramming Analysis Team’s Warfighter Survivability Software Support Portal. A secure Internet protocol router network (SIPRNET) account is required to access the portal.
63
Define this EW tool; "NATIONAL GROUND INTELLIGENCE CENTER."
The National Ground Intelligence Center provides all-source analysis of the threat posed by IEDs
produced and used by foreign terrorist and insurgent groups. The center supports U.S. forces during training, operational planning, deployment, and redeployment.
The center maintains a counter-IED targeting program (often called CITP) portal on its SIPRNET
site. This portal provides information concerning IED activities and incidents as well as IED assessments.
64
Define this EW tool; "ELECTRONIC ORDER OF BATTLE."
An electronic order of battle details all known combinations of emitters and platforms in a particular area of responsibility. It consists of several reachback resources:
65
Define this EW tool; "E-SPACE."
E-Space is a Department of Defense (DOD) entity housed in the National Security Agency. It
provides intelligence assistance (primarily signals intelligence) to deployed EW officers. E-Space is a
reachback capability available to EW officers and spectrum managers that can be leveraged to provide allsource intelligence products and answers to requests for information and spectrum interference questions.
66
Define this EW tool; "JOINT ELECTRONIC WARFARE CENTER."
The Joint Electronic Warfare Center is DOD’s only joint EW center of expertise. It provides EW
subject matter expertise from a range of backgrounds, including people with current multi-Service operational experience. The center has a limited capability to perform modeling and simulation studies and EW red team support. It can deploy in a support role if approved by the U.S. Strategic Command.
67
Define this EW tool; "JOINT IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DEFEAT
ORGANIZATION."
The Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (known as JIEDDO) leads, advocates,
and coordinates all DOD actions in support of efforts by combatant commanders and their joint task forces to defeat IEDs as weapon of strategic influence.
68
Define this EW tool; "JOINT SPECTRUM CENTER."
The Joint Spectrum Center ensures DOD effectively uses the electromagnetic spectrum in support of national security and military objectives. The center serves as DOD’s center of excellence for electromagnetic spectrum management matters in support of the combatant commands, military
departments, and DOD agencies in planning, acquisition, training, and operations.
The center maintains databases and provides data about friendly force command and control
information system locational and technical characteristics. This information is used to plan electronic protection measures. These databases provide EW planners with information covering communication, radar, navigation, broadcast, identification, and EW systems operated by the DOD, other government agencies, and private businesses and organizations.
The center provides information on a quick-reaction basis in various formats and media to support EW planners and spectrum managers.
69
Define this EW tool; "KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION FUSION EXCHANGE."
The Knowledge and Information Fusion Exchange (sometimes called KnIFE) is a program sponsored by U.S. Joint Forces Command. It provides Soldiers with observations, insights, and lessons from operations around the world.
70
Define this joint EW term; "communications security."
The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information
of value that might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. (JP 6-0)
71
Define this joint EW term; "computer network operations."
Comprised of computer network attack, computer network defense, and related computer
network exploitation enabling operations. (JP 3-13)
72
Define this joint EW term; "directed energy."
An umbrella term covering technologies that relate to the production of a beam of concentrated
electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. (JP 3-13.1)
73
Define this joint EW term; "electromagnetic environment."
The resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the
radiated or conducted electromagnetic emission levels that may be encountered by a military force,
system, or platform when performing its assigned mission in its intended operational environment. It is
the sum of the electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic pulse; hazards of electromagnetic
radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and precipitation static. (JP 3-13.1)
74
Define this joint EW term; "electromagnetic environmental effects."
The impact of the electromagnetic environment upon the operational capability of military forces,
equipment, systems, and platforms. It encompasses all electromagnetic disciplines, including electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse; electronic protection, hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and precipitation static. (JP 3-13.1)
75
Define this joint EW term; "electromagnetic spectrum."
The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26
alphabetically designated bands. (JP 1-02)
76
Define this joint EW term; "electromagnetic vulnerability."
The characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite degradation (incapability to
perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of
electromagnetic environmental effects. (JP 1-02)
77
Define this joint EW term; "electronic attack."
Division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or
antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. (JP 3-13.1)
78
Define this joint EW term; "electronic protection."
Division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and
equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade,
neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability. (JP 3-13.1)
79
Define this joint EW term; "electronic warfare."
Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic warfare consists of three divisions:
electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. (JP 3-13.1)
80
Define this joint EW term; "electronic warfare support."
Division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations. (JP 3-13.1)
81
Define this joint EW term; "emission control."
The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security: a. detection by enemy sensors; b. mutual interference among friendly systems; and/or c. enemy interference with the ability to execute a military deception plan. (JP 1-02)
82
Define this joint EW term; "joint restricted frequency list."
A time a geographically-oriented listing of TABOO, PROTECTED, and GUARDED functions, nets, and frequencies. It should be limited to the minimum number of frequencies necessary for friendly forces to accomplish objectives. (JP 3-13.1)
83
Define this Army EW term; "working group."
A temporary grouping of predetermined staff representatives who meet to coordinate and
provide recommendations for a particular purpose or function. (FMI 5-0.1)
84
Rapid Software Reprogramming (RSR) is what?
Rapid software reprogramming is the deliberate alteration or modification of electronic warfare and target sensing systems, or the tactics and procedures that employ them, in response to validated changes in equipment, tactics, or the electromagnetic environment. These changes may be the result of deliberate actions on part of friendly, adversary or third parties; or may be brought about by electromagnetic interference or other inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of electronic warfare reprogramming is to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of electronic warfare and target sensing system equipment. Electronic warfare reprogramming includes changes to self-defense systems, offensive weapon systems, and intelligence collection systems.
85
Describe Wartime Reserve Mode.
WARM are characteristics and operating procedures of sensor, communications, navigation aids, threat recognition, weapons, and countermeasures systems that will contribute to military effectiveness if unknown to or misunderstood by opposing commanders before they are used, but could be exploited or neutralized if known in advance. WARM are deliberately held in reserve for wartime or emergency use and seldom, if ever, applied or intercepted prior to such use.
86
What is Operations Security?
A process of analyzing friendly action attendant to military operations and other activities to (1) Identify those actions that can be observed by adversary intelligence systems; (2) Determine indicators hostile intelligence systems might obtain that could be intercepted and pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful to adversaries; (3) Select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of friendly actions to the adversary exploitation.
87
What are the principal objectives of the ARAT efforts?
The principal objective of providing EW and TSS operational software programming support is to detect and classify new and changed threats, and to provide mitigation to these changes in order to maintain the commander's operational tempo. Failure to respond to these changes in threat composition or signature may disrupt operations and negatively impact mission objectives. An emphasis on reducing ambiguity is required because of the covert nature of new and changing threats. The following objectives contribute to the Army's principal objective:
a. Field U.S. Army EW and TSS, target sensing smart weapons, and jammer systems that are software configurable and/or hardware modular that are able to adapt to hostile introduction of new and changed threats.
b. Field U.S. Army battlefield capabilities that incorporate counter threat changes.
c. Operate a sustained program to collect and evaluate employment, deployment, and signature information for systems operating in the electromagnetic spectrum. This program will be essential for providing friendly electronic protection and to successfully engage or defeat hostile or potentially hostile systems.
d. Maintain essential data about the U.S., Allied Forces, and coalition partner RSR and their counters to enemy capabilities while ensuring effectiveness of capabilities through thorough testing and evaluation.
e. Support U.S. forces and others with RSR as required.
f. Reduce the effects of new and changed enemy introduced threats.
g. Increase the friendly RSR effectiveness during operations.
h. Identify, assess, and develop common and multisensor EW and TSS that can identify threats in order to reduce the susceptibility of U.S. systems to enemy introduction of new and changed threats. Support situational awareness capability.
89
What regulation covers Software Reprogramming Policy for Electronic Warfare and Target Sensing Systems?
Army Regulation 525-15
90
Cellular and Satellite Communications Networks operate on what bands?
Group Speciale Mobile (GSM), or Global System for Mobile Communications, uses four primary frequency bands:
1) GSM 850 (824 - 894 MHz) : US & Canada
2) GSM 900 (890 - 960 MHz) : EU, Mid-East & Asia
3) GSM 1800 (1710-1880MHz) : EU, ME & Asia
- AKA Digital Cellular Service (DCS)
4) GSM 1900 (1850-1990MHz) : US & Canada
- AKA Personal Communications System (PCS)
Uplinks and Downlinks are used for operations; Up's and Down's are separated by 45 MHz with the Down always being the higher of the two.
91
What are the primary satellite communications frequencies?
L Band - 1525 to 1646.5 MHz for MS traffic.
| C, Ka and Ku Bands for satellite communications and control channels.
