Ex Phys Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
_____ system used electrical communication
A
Nervous system
2
Q
____system uses chemical communication
A
Endocrine system
3
Q
Target cells are also known as
A
hormone receptors
4
Q
This system:
- Controls substrate metabolism
- Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
A
Endocrine system
5
Q
This hormone is derived from cholesterol
A
steroid hormones
6
Q
This hormone is lipid soluble, and diffuses through cell membranes
A
steroid hormones
7
Q
Steroid hormones are secreted by four major glands
A
- Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
- Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
- Testes (testosterone)
- Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)
8
Q
-Adrenal cortex creates the hormone:
A
(cortisol, aldosterone)
9
Q
-Ovaries creates the hormone:
A
(estrogen, progesterone)
10
Q
-Testes creates the hormone:
A
(testosterone)
11
Q
-Placenta creates the hormone:
A
(estrogen, progesterone)
12
Q
this type of hormone is Not lipid soluble & cannot cross membranes
A
Nonsteroid Hormones
13
Q
What are the two groups of non-steroid hormones?
A
Protein/peptide hormones
&
Amino acid-derived hormones
14
Q
Most nonsteroid hormones
From the pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland are considered
A
Protein/peptide hormones
15
Q
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) Adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
A
Amino acid-derived hormones
16
Q
The term describing that hormones are secreted in bursts
A
pulsatile
17
Q
what triggers of regulates hormone bursts?
A
?
18
Q
What is the process called when ↓ number of receptors during high plasma concentration = desensitization
A
Downregulation
19
Q
What is the process called when ↑ number of receptors during high plasma concentration = sensitization
A
Upregulation:
20
Q
Hormones limit scope of their effects by using:
A
hormone-specific receptors
21
Q
Hormone only affects tissues with
A
specific receptor
22
Q
Hormone exerts effects after:
A
binding with receptor
23
Q
Typical cell has:
A
2,000 to 10,000 receptors
24
Q
The Hormone binds to receptor:
A
hormone–receptor complex
25
Lipid soluble steroids can
cross cell membranes
26
Hormone–receptor complex enters nucleus and then...
Binds to DNA, direct gene activation
| Regulates mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis
27
Not lipid soluble cannot:
cross cell membrane
28
for Nonsteroid Hormone messages are sent through:
Receptors on the cell membrane (second messengers)
29
Second messengers do what?
- Carry out hormone effects
| - Intensify strength of hormone signal
30
some common second messengers consist of:
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)
- Inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG)
31
The third class of Hormones is:
Prostaglandins
32
Prostaglandins is derived from
arachidonic acid
33
this hormone acts as a local hormone in the immediate area. it's involved in:
- Inflammatory response (swelling, vasodilation)
- Sensitize nociceptor free nerve endings (pain)
Prostaglandins
34
________ regulate physiological variables during exercise
hormones
35
Important exercise-related functions of endocrine glands & their hormones consist of:
-Regulation of metabolism & body fluids during exercise
&
-Regulation of appetite and food intake
36
the Major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation are:
- Anterior pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
37
Hormones released by Anterior pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreasglands affect metabolism of _______ and ______ during exercise
Carbohydrates & fat
38
Pituitary gland attached to
inferior hypothalamus
39
The Pituitary gland is divided into what 3 parts?
anterior, intermediate, posterior
40
What are the tasks of the pituitary gland?
- Secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic hormone factors
- Releases growth hormone (GH)
41
-GH release is proportional to
exercise intensity
42
Releasing growth hormone (GH) involves
- Potent anabolic hormone
- Builds tissues, organs
- Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
- Stimulates fat metabolism
43
The Thyroid gland secretes
triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
44
T3 and T4 lead to increases in
```
Metabolic rate of all tissues
-Protein synthesis
-Number and size of mitochondria
-Glucose uptake by cells
-Rate of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
-FFA mobilization
(continued)
```
45
Anterior pituitary releases
thyrotropin
46
thyrotropin is also known as
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
47
Thyrotropin (TSH) Travels to thyroid, stimulates _____and ______
T3 & T4
48
TSH levels are increased by______
Short term: T4 ↑ (delayed release)
Prolonged exercise: T4 constant, T3 ↓
exercise
49
catecholamines is released by the
adrenal medulla
50
catecholamines during fight or flight consist of
Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20%
51
Catecholamine release increases
-Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis, FFA
-Blood flow to skeletal muscle
(– ↑ Exercise → ↑ sympathetic nervous system →
↑ epinephrine and norepinephrine)
52
The adrenal cortex releases
corticosteroids
53
The corticosteroids released form the adrenal cortex consist of
- Glucocorticoids
| - Also, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
54
A Major glucocorticoid is:
cortisol
55
Cortisol is responsible for
– ↑ Gluconeogenesis
– ↑ FFA mobilization, protein catabolism
-Anti-inflammatory, anti-immune
56
The pancreas is responsible for
raising and lowering blood glucose
57
insulin is responsible for
lowering blood glucose level
58
```
_______ lowers blood glucose
Counters hyperglycemia, opposes glucagon
– ↑ Glucose transport into cells
– ↑ Synthesis of glycogen, protein, fat
– Inhibits gluconeogenesis
```
Insulin
59
______ raises blood glucose
glucagon
60
glucagon is responsible for
-Counters hypoglycemia, opposes insulin
| – ↑ Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
61
Glycogenolysis involves converting ____ to _____
(glycogen → glucose)
62
Gluconeogenesis involves converting ___ and ___ to ____
(FFAs, protein → glucose)
63
during Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism During Exercise glucose must
be available to tissues
64
Adequate glucose during exercise requires:
Glucose release by liver
| Glucose uptake by muscles
65
Hormones that ↑ circulating glucose
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Cortisol
66
Amount of glucose released from liver depends on:
exercise intensity, duration
67
Circulating glucose during exercise also affected by
GH: ↑ FFA mobilization, ↓ cellular glucose uptake
| T3, T4: ↑ glucose catabolism and fat metabolism
68
regarding the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: As exercise intensity increases
– Catecholamine release ↑
– Glycogenolysis rate ↑ (liver, muscles)
-Muscle glycogen used before liver glycogen
69
regarding the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: As exercise duration increases
--More liver glycogen utilized
– ↑ Muscle glucose uptake → ↑ liver glucose release
--As glycogen stores ↓, glucagon levels ↑
70
FFA mobilization and fat metabolism critical to:
endurance exercise performance
71
during endurance exercise performance:
- when glycogen is depleted, need ______ ______ ______
- In response, hormones accelerate fat breakdown (______)
fat energy substrates, lipolysis
72
FFA mobilization and fat metabolism critical to
endurance exercise performance
73
when glycogen is depleted the body utilizes
| -In response, hormones accelerate fat breakdown (lipolysis)
fat energy substrates
74
Triglycerides → ______ + _____
FFAs + glycerol
75
Fat is stored as triglycerides in
adipose tissue
76
____ is Broken down into FFAs and transported to muscle
triglycerides
77
Rate of triglyceride breakdown into FFAs may determine rate of ____ _____ ____
cellular fat metabolism
78
Lipolysis stimulated by what hormones?
- (Decreased) insulin
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Cortisol
- GH
79
During exercise, plasma volume ↓, causing
– ↑ Hydrostatic pressure, tissue osmotic pressure
– ↓ Plasma water content via sweating
– ↓ blood pressure, ↑ Heart strain
80
Hormones from the following areas correct fluid imbalances
- Posterior pituitary gland
- Adrenal cortex
- Kidneys
81
Posterior pituitary's duties include
Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin
Produced in hypothalamus, travels to posterior pituitary
Secreted upon neural signal from hypothalamus
82
ADH is only involved with
exercise
83
ADH involved in exercise
– ↑ Water reabsorption at kidneys
| -Less water in urine, antidiuresis
84
what is the Stimuli for ADH release
– ↓ Plasma volume = hemoconcentration = ↑ osmolality
| – ↑ Osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
85
when ADH released, it increases
water retention by kidneys
86
ADH Minimizes water loss, therefore avoiding
severe dehydration
87
Adrenal cortex
Secretes:______
Major mineralocorticoid: _______
- mineralocorticoids
| - aldosterone
88
```
Aldosterone effects
– ↑ ___ retention by kidneys
– ↑ ___ retention → ↑ water retention via osmosis
– ↑ ___ retention → ↑ K+ excretion
(continued)
```
Na+
89
Stimuli for aldosterone release
– ↓ ____
– ↓ Blood ____, blood _____
– ↑ ______ k+
- Plasma Na+
- blood volume & blood pressure
- Plasma K+
90
Aldosterone release is indirectly stimulated by ↓ ________ & ↓________ in kidneys
- blood volume
| - blood pressure
91
during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys
- Target tissue for____ & _____
- Secrete _____, & ________
ADH, aldosterone
| erythropoietin (EPO), renin
92
during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys
Stimulus for RENIN (enzyme) release
- ↓ Blood volume, ↓ blood pressure
| - Sympathetic nervous system impulses
93
during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
- Renin: converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
- ACE: converts angiotensin I → angiotensin II
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release
94
_____ is the:
- Ionic concentration of dissolved particles (proteins, ions, etc.) in body fluid compartments
- Normal value: ~300 mOsm/kg
osmolality
95
Osmolality and osmosis:
-If compartment osmolality ↑, water drawn ____
-If compartment osmolality ↓, water drawn ____
(continued)
- In
| - Out
96
when considering aldosterone and osmosis:
| increase in Na+ retention would increase
osmolality
97
an increase in osmolality would cause an increase in
water retention
98
when considering Aldosterone and osmosis:
| -where Na+ moves, ____ flows
water
99
Osmotic water movement minimizes loss of ____ volume, maintains _____ pressure
plasma, blood
100
ADH, aldosterone effects persist for ___ to
| ___ hours after exercise
12-48
101
Prolonged Na+ retention → abnormally high [Na+] after exercise
- Water follows ___
- Prolonged rehydration effects
Na+
102
______ is appetite control center of brain
Hypothalamus
103
Hypothalamus:
| Satiety center is located in:
ventromedial nucleus
104
Hunger center is in the lateral
hypothalamus
105
GI tract releases hormones that affect:
hunger signals
106
______(CCK): stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite
Cholecyctokinin
107
________: released in small intestine; decreases appetite
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
108
______released in small intestine; decreases appetite
Peptide YY (PYY):
109
_____increases appetite
Ghrelin
110
Adipose is an _____ organ
endocrine
111
Leptin released from adipose stores reduces
hunger
112
Leptin and ghrelin act in _____ ways
opposing
113
Obese people have higher but resistant to effects
leptin
114
Exercise affects ____ and _____ hormones
Hunger & Satiety
115
Acute, vigorous exercise (aerobic) increases ____ and ___, reducing hunger
PPY & GLP-1
116
Appetite and satiety hormones are sensitive to the total energy balance that is modulated by ________
regular exercise
