Exam 1

Question 1

“We don’t see things as they are, we see them as we ar”

Answer 1

We use our reasoning and facts to support what we already6 believe rather than changing our beliefs.

Question 2

We create happiness calulations Maximize please while minimize pain

Answer 2

Jeremy Bentham

Question 3

Internal Justification

Answer 3

“If we suffer to get something, chances are we will it better than if it came more easily.”

Question 4

How do we experience cognitive dissonance through internal justification?

Answer 4

“Why am I putting myself through so much pain? - You can say, “this will be good for me in the long run.”

Question 5

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 5

When you experiences two conflicting ideas

Question 6

The scientific study of the influence of the real, imagined, or implied presence of others upon our thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behavior- and of how we influence others.

Answer 6

Social Psychology

Question 7

The assumptions that people
who do crazy things have a personality disposition to be crazy, people who do
stupid things must be stupid, only evil people do evil things, people who do nice
things are nice, and so on.

Answer 7

Dispositional view of human behavior

Question 8

How does the Dispositional view of human behavior appeal to human beings

Answer 8

t’s appealing to think this way because it helps us
mentally separate those bad people who do bad things from the rest of us “nice
people.” This belief may comfort us when we think about unpleasant behavior,
because, as nice people,
we would never do such a thing, but this belief is
erroneous.

Question 9

Hindsight Bias

Answer 9

The tendency to
overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a
given event.

Question 10

Social Cognition

Answer 10

The study of how people come to believe what they do; how
they explain, remember, predict, make decisions, and evaluate themselves and others; and why these processes so frequently produce errors.

Question 11

Cognitive Misers

Answer 11

We seek ways to conserve cognitive or mental energy and to simplify complexity. We use shortcuts and rules of thumb. We ignore some information to reduce our cognitive load and overuse other information to keep from having to search for more, or we just go with our initial intuitions and accept a less-than-perfect alternative because it is good enough.

Question 12

Bias Blind Spot

Answer 12

The belief that we are more objective and less biased

than most other people.

Question 13

Example of Bias Blind Spot

Answer 13

When we choose to do a certain behavior, we understand and are
aware of the context- why we are behaving this way, and we end up
making excuses for it. When we see others acting in the same way,
we miss the full context.

Question 14

Naive Realism

Answer 14

Inclination to believe that our subjective interpretation of reality is reality.

Question 15

The belief that we see things as they really are, and other people are biased. Thus, anybody who doesn’t share our perspective is misguided, ignorant, selfish, or even evil.

Answer 15

Naive Realism

Question 16

When we notice, remember, and accept information that confirms what we already believe, and tend to ignore, forget, and reject information
that disconfirms what we believe.

Answer 16

Confirmation Bias

Question 17

Egocentric Bias

Answer 17

The tendency to place ourselves in the center of our own universe.

This is why we remember new information better when we can apply it to ourselves rather than when it only affects other people

Question 18

Cloak of invisibility illusions

Answer 18

A form of egocentrism that refers to the fact

that we feel that we notice and observe others more than they notice and observe us.

Question 19

In an experiment, students who sat in a waiting room erroneously
estimated that they paid more attention to the stranger than the stranger
paid to them.

Answer 19

Cloak of invisibility illusions

Question 20

The Barnum Effect

Answer 20

a common phenomenon that refers to the fact that
when people are given a vague, all-purpose description of themselves that could apply to almost anyone, they see it as a perfect description of
themselves. This is due to our tendency to think egocentrically.

Question 21

What are some examples of the barnum effects

Answer 21

Astrology, fortune-telling, and pop-psychology tests

Question 22

Negative Bias

Answer 22

Describes the tendency of our minds to orient toward negativity.

Question 23

Examples of Negative Bias

Answer 23

This explains why people tend to focus more on potential threats than blessings

This explains why we are able to identify angry faces in a crowd easier than smiling ones.

Negative has stronger emotion

Question 24

Losing $50 should be the same as winning $50, but it’s not. Losing money is shown to be more distressing than the pleasure of gaining money.

Answer 24

Loss Aversion

Question 25

Loss Aversion

Answer 25

when given a choice, people are more likely to try to | avoid loss than to achieve gains.

Question 26

Automatic Processing

Answer 26

Unconscious, implicit, involuntary operations that guide our behavior. Well-learned associations or routines our mental systems perform effortlessly, without awareness. Driving or playing an instrument

Question 27

Controlled Processing

Answer 27

The conscious, explicit effort we make in dealing with novel problems.

Question 28

Learning to drive, solving a math problem, trying to remember the name of a movie - are what type of processes?

Answer 28

Controlled Processing

Question 29

How do controlled and automatic processing work together?

Answer 29

Our automatic processing produces a quick-and-dirty assessment of reality (or an intuition/gut feeling), then we use controlled processing to analyze, process, and really “think” about the situation at hand

Question 30

Social Identical Theory

Answer 30

Our most important memberships in religious, political, regional, national, or occupational groups feed a sense of belonging and self-worth and shape our thinking about people in and beyond our group.

Question 31

Social Motives

Answer 31

``` Belonging Accuracy Need for control Trust Worthiness ```

Question 32

Attributions theory 2 types

Answer 32

1) A dispositional attribution | 2) A situational attribution

Question 33

Dispositional attribution

Answer 33

Attributing behaviors/actions to the individual’s personality or internal trait She/he doesn’t care anymore

Question 34

Situational attribution

Answer 34

Attributing/explaining behaviors or actions by looking at the situation They are under a lot of pressure at home and work

Question 35

Foot in the door technique

Answer 35

This process of using small favors to encourage people to comply with larger requests is known as the foot-in-the-door technique

Question 36

internal justification

Answer 36

A change in attitude used to justify behavior when there is not ample justification in the situation itself - Attempting to justify internally by making your attitudes more consistent with what you did or said

Question 37

External Justification

Answer 37

You respond by lying and telling her that you think it looks nice on her. Your cognition “I am a truthful person” is dissonant with the cognition, “I told her I liked her outfit when in reality, I believe it’s ugly.” You are experiencing cognitive dissonance

Question 38

If a person goes through a difficult or painful experience in order to attain some goal or object, that goal or object becomes more attractive

Answer 38

Justification of effort

Question 39

Entrapment

Answer 39

how people can start off making a small, impulsive decision and, over time, find themselves a long way from their original goals and intentions example - staying at a job longer you originally intended to.

Question 40

Psychology of inevitability

Answer 40

"inevitability makes the heart grow fonder" ex: Children eating vegetables Adults not being prepared for Earlynquakes in CA