Exam 4

Question 1

Comparison Level of Alternatives

Answer 1

We calculate a person’s value as a friend or romantic partner by comparing what they bring to us with what we might get from other potential friends or romantic partners.
ex - Cost Benefit Analysis

Question 2

What are the 5 factors that influence our choice of friends or lovers

Answer 2

1. Proximity
2. Similarity
   3, People like us
3. Physically Attraction
4. Paradox of Chocie

Question 3

Similarity

Answer 3

We tend to like like people with pleasant attributes or once we like them we convince themselves that their attributes are pleasant. We tend to not like people who are too competent because they make us feel worse by comparison

Question 4

The Pratfall Effect

Answer 4

Experiment - Male College Students
Evaluation ppl for a quiz show
Results confirmed that the superior/intelligent candidate who embarrassed themselves was rated the most attractive.

Question 5

Accomplice

Answer 5

Walster Experiment - Students created a list of what they liked about a teacher, friend, male accomplice.
Results showed we “like to be liked”
The more insecure we feel, the more we want others to like us

Question 6

Paradox of Choice

Answer 6

The more options we have, the harder it is to make a decision. After making the decision, you wonder if you made the wrong choice.

Question 7

Trans-situational Rewards

Answer 7

For example, rescuing a drowning person. A much better way to get someone to like you is to her them to do you a favor instead of you doing them a favor.

Question 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 8

Justifying why youre doing a favor for someone you dont like. They need to do something to reduce dissonance. They convince themselves that they do like you because if they are doing it it means they must like you after all.

Question 9

Proximity

Answer 9

It is easier to maintain friendships ad relationships with people who live close by. People become more attractive to us when we expect to interact with them in the future.

Question 10

Gain-Loss Theory

Answer 10

Increases in positive rewarding behaviors from another person have more impact on us than does constantly rewarding behavior from that person. You will gain the most if the person dislikes you at first, but then beings to like you.

Question 11

Negging

Answer 11

A trick to hit on someone. To begin contact with a mild insult, often in a form of a compliment,

Question 12

How does negging work?

Answer 12

2 Effects

1. The compliments make them more interesting
2. It affects your self-esteem, making you want the suitor’s approval, which motivates you to try and get it by spending more time with that person. Then feel a sense of gratification when you are able to change their low opinion of you

Question 13

Exchange Relationships

Answer 13

People involved are concerned with reciprocity, making sure that some sort of equity is achieved, and that there is fairness in the distribution of the rewards and cost of each of the partners.

Question 14

Communal Relationships

Answer 14

Neither partner is keeping score. A person will be included to give in response to the other’s needs and will readily receive the same kind of care when the other is feeling needy. Have faith it will be fair balanced and reciprocal

Question 15

Passionate Love

Answer 15

Strong emotions, exhilaration, sexual desire, and intense preoccupations with the beloved. The brain is flooded with dopamine. Falling in love is high. Wears off in 1year-18 months

Question 16

Companionate Love

Answer 16

Solid, companionate love. A more mild, stable experience marked by trust, dependability, and warmth. Last longer and develops over time.

Question 17

Avoidant

Answer 17

Become more agitated about their relationships. They want to be close to their partner but worry that their partner will leave them.

Question 18

Ambivalent - Anxious Attachment

Answer 18

Distrust and often avoid intimate partnerships altogether. If they are in a relationship, they are distant from their partner.

Question 19

Secure Attachment

Answer 19

Rarely jealous or worried about being rejected. They are more compassionate and helpful and are quick to understand and forgive their partners.

Question 20

Porcupine’s Dilemma

Answer 20

The desire to achieve deep intimacy while remaining invulnerable to being hurt. We want to feel that our partner truly and deeply understands and accepts us and knows this without fearing we will be rejected or abandoned.

Question 21

Authenticity

Answer 21

The freedom to share your true feelings and beliefs with your partner - is key to avoiding a descent into deadening stagnation. The ability to give up trying to look good and begin to reveal things about ourselves and about the relationship that is honest.

Question 22

Straight Talk

Answer 22

A person’s clear statement of their feelings and concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing the other person. Enables recipient to listen nondefensively.

Question 23

The scientific method (4 steps)

Answer 23

1. Observation
2. Why that is happening? Lawful relationships
3. Testable Hypothesis
4. Design experiment to confirm or disconfirm hypothesis

Question 24

Independent Variable

Answer 24

The cause - 3 conditions in Aronson Experiment

Question 25

Dependent Variable

Answer 25

The effect

Question 26

Aronson Experiment

Answer 26

63 college women volunteered to discuss the psychology of sex in order to join a group. 3 conditions: Severe initiation, mild initiation, and no initiation. The women who got the severe initiation rated the discussion as exciting. the group who had mild initiation or no initiation saw the group as boring.

Question 27

Correlation

Answer 27

Correlation does not equal causation. Coefficient, r.

Question 28

Experimental Realism

Answer 28

If an experiment has an impact on the participant, force them to take the matter seriously and involve them in the procedures

Question 29

Mundane Realism

Answer 29

If the lab experiment is similar to the events that frequently happen to people in the outside world

Question 30

Deception

Answer 30

Cover story is designed to increase experimental realism. For example, Milgram wanted to study obedience and authority but told his participants it was about learning and memory.

Question 31

Social Desirability

Answer 31

If a participant knows the true nature of the study, they will behave in a way that makes them look good. People can lie about their results.

Question 32

Replication

Answer 32

The original study is repeated by other experimenters. External validation is the ability to generalize the results to other people, places, and times.

Question 33

According to Gottman, which is the most dangerous communication pattern among couples?

Answer 33

Hostile Criticism, Defensiveness, Contempt, Stonewalling

Question 34

Why do people tend to react more positively to a compliment from a stranger rather than their long-term partner who is always complimenting them (according to the gain-loss theory)?

Answer 34

The compliment loses value because the partner has been hearing it for a long time.

Question 35

Describe the events that took place during the Harvard Study

Answer 35

The happiest men in the Harvard study were not those with the most impressive accomplishments, the most money, or the happiest childhoods • The happiest men were the ones who prioritized their relationships with others- they were also the ones who lived the longest

Question 36

What are some negative health effects of loneliness?

Answer 36

People who are lonely have less efficient sleep patterns, higher blood pressure, and when wounded, they heal more slowly than people who aren’t lonely

Question 37

What does Dion’s Experiment tell us about physical attractiveness?

Answer 37

The person in the physically “attractive” photo received the most desirable traits and was given the greatest prognosis for happiness

Question 38

If an attractive person performs poorly at work, would their behavior be attributed to situational factors or dispositional factors, and why?

Answer 38

Attractive people are often given “the benefit of the doubt” when it comes to misbehaviors especially when the situation is ambiguous and open for interpretation. For people who are not considered conventionally attractive, misbehaviors are attributed to negative personality dispositions

Question 39

What insight does the Harold Sigall experiment show about the role of physical attractiveness?

Answer 39

When the evaluator was unattractive, the men didn’t seem to care much whether they received a good evaluation or a poor evaluation from her. The students that saw the “attractive” woman liked her a lot more when she gave them a favorable evaluation. But when she gave half the students unfavorable evaluations, they disliked her even more than in any of the other conditions

Question 40

What events occurred during the Mark Synder experiment?

Answer 40

Whether or not a person is “physically attractive,” treating them as if they are attractive brings out those desirable qualities. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 41

In what ways did the Curtis and Miller experiment create a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 41

The people who believed they were liked by the other person also ended up liking the other person back and the people who believed they were disliked also ended up disliking the other person. Our beliefs, whether right or wrong, play a potent role in shaping reality.

Question 42

What role did self-esteem play in the Walster experiment?

Answer 42

It could be because people who are secure about themselves are less “needy” and they are less likely to accept overtures from just anyone who comes along in the same way that a starving person will accept any food that is offered, but a well-fed person can pick and choose different foods. An insecure person will accept almost anyone who expresses interest, while a secure person will be more selective

Question 43

What was the main takeaway from the Kiesler and Baral experiment?

Answer 43

Those who were made to feel secure about themselves (by being told they had performed well on the test) showed more romantic interest toward the “attractive” woman. Those induced to feel insecure showed more romantic interest toward the “unattractive” woman. Insecurity increases our desire to connect with whomever we expect will have us, in the context of dating we tend to be more romantically attracted to those who seem to like us exclusively- just me, not all those other thousands waiting for a swipe right

Question 44

In the Eastwick and Finkel experiment, how were participants who reported more interest for all dates perceived by their dating partners?

Answer 44

But their dating partners regarded these eager, easily pleased participants as being less desirable and having less chemistry with them personally. When you feel as though that person has chosen you and only you, it is an exciting, uplifting, and self-esteem building sensation

Question 45

What does the Iyengar experiment show about the paradox of choice?

Answer 45

3% of shoppers bought jams with 24 options. 30% bought Jams with 6 options. The 24 jam option had more viewers.

Question 46

What 3 groups should a true experiment have?

Answer 46

Control, experimental, and placebo

Question 47

What events occurred during Amabile’s Experiment

Answer 47

Negative evaluations generally increase the admiration we feel for the evaluator, as long as they are not evaluating us. The human motive for accuracy and shared understanding wins over the desire to be liked.

Question 48

How did the evaluator’s praise undermine the test-takers trust in the evaluator in Lawrence’s experiment?

Answer 48

The comment "Good job" was seen as a racial bias especially because white women graded their tests.

Question 49

How can praise or compliment that is too lavish backfire?

Answer 49

If the praise seems like it's ingratiating for an ulterior motive. For example, "that's the best essay I've ever read in my life" or "good job" - meaning that they had no idea you were smart.

Question 50

What did Edward Jones say about flattery?

Answer 50

Flattery will get you somewhere but not everywhere. People favor praise but no when there are strings attached.

Question 51

Which group of students liked the experimenter the most in Jecker and Landy’s experiment?

Answer 51

The group convinced into doing a favor for him. Motivated to see him as decent, deserving fellow, worthy of their sacrifice.

Question 52

In Ainsworth’s Strange Situation paradigm, how did babies who exhibited an anxious-ambivalent attachment style react when their mother (or primary caregiver) returned to the room after leaving?

Answer 52

The child will commonly exhibit clingy independent behavior but will be rejecting of the attachment figure when they engage in interaction