Exam 2

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

Going along with the crowd - conformity creates unity and togetherness

Question 2

How was conformity used in the Jim Jones Massacre

Answer 2

When everyone decided to take the poison - no one stood up to stop everyone from dying

Question 3

How can conformity be dangerous?

Answer 3

NASA made the decision to launch the Challenger due to pressure from the media. Engineers told them it wasn’t ready. When so many people make one decision, it is hard to disagree with them due to social pressures.

Question 4

Groupthink

Answer 4

A way of thinking that occurs in cohesive groups in which the member’s need for agreement overrides their ability to realistically asses a course of action and its alternatives. Members become invulnerable because they’re blinded by optimism.

Question 5

The Chameleon Effect

Answer 5

When people talk to each other, they often mirror one another’s nonverbal behaviors and mannerisms.

Question 6

Social Learning

Answer 6

The process by which we learn by observing.

Question 7

Autokinetic Effect

Answer 7

A visual illusion that can be influenced by social judgment.

ex - light experiment

Question 8

Another word for a nonconformist that starts with the letter “d” is a ____?

Answer 8

Deviant

Question 9

What was the role of the slider in the Stanley Schachter experiment?

Answer 9

The slider agreed with the deviant but began comforting to the majority of the people.

Question 10

In the Chameleon Effect experiment, who did the participants like more- the confederates who
mirrored their body language and mannerisms or the confederate that didn’t?

Answer 10

Confederates who touched their face or shook their foot were mirrored by the participants

Question 11

How are mirror neurons associated with the chameleon effect?

Answer 11

Mirror neurons enable empathy but turn off when you are looking at _____. Mirror neurons are activated in the brain when we perform an action or we witness a person performing the same action

Question 12

What is the term for “the process by which we learn by observing?”

Answer 12

Social Learning

Question 13

How is visual perception socially influenced (hint: what is the autokinetic effect?)

Answer 13

In a college experiment, they had to measure how many inches the light moved alone. When they were put into groups, their answers changed in the direction of the group’s average.

Question 14

In which cultures are conformity stronger?

Answer 14

It is more prevalent in more collectivistic societies where the goal is often group harmony

Question 15

What part of the brain lights up when you resist conforming?

Answer 15

Amygdala

Question 16

Other people are valuable sources of information. What would be an example of this?

Answer 16

Bathrooms in foreign countries.

Question 17

How is conformity informative?

Answer 17

Having a universal opinion that is related to the majority. People tend to think that if they do something that isn’t what the majority of the people are doing, they are wrong. Observing other people can help others understand what is going on.

Question 18

How does social media increase conformity?

Answer 18

Famous people on TikTok and IG can influence you to buy shoes. The value of views and likes. If there is a 5-star rating on Yelp, it can influence you to choose which restaurant you want to eat at.

Question 19

What # of people is sufficient to induce conformity?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

In what ways does accountability increase the tendency to conform?

Answer 20

By showcasing research and evidence that the information is credible. If people are accountable for the information, they are less likely to conform to the majority. Most people will go along to get along with others.

Question 21

How does self-esteem influence your decision to conform?

Answer 21

How secure we feel in a group can determine what we say. If one person successfully does a task, they will have more confidence. They are less likely to conform to a subsequent task with other people. In friend groups, they are most likely to agree with what the group says even though they don’t actually agree.

Question 22

Do teenagers tend to conform more or less?

Answer 22

Conformity is more intense for people ages 10-25 bc the prefrontal cortex is still developing. Teenagers are more likely to conform. For example - drinking/ drugs and driving past the speed limit.

Question 23

What are the 3 factors that increase conformity?

Answer 23

1. Consists of perceived experts
2. Its members are of high social status.
3. Members are alike in a significant way such as age, occupation, race, political ideology.

Question 24

What is the definition of a reference group?

Answer 24

Groups that we belong and identify with. For example - A conservative person going to a liberal college will adapt liberal values.

Question 25

A sign that says “no smoking” is an example of what type of norm?

Answer 25

injunctive norm

Question 26

Describe the different variations of the littering experiment from the PPT slides.

Answer 26

1. trashed parking lot and filled with litter 2. clean parking lot with 1 crumpled paper People littered more in the trashed parking lot

Question 27

What sets the Kitty Genovese case apart from other crimes that happen daily?

Answer 27

The more people who watch, the less likely they will inhibit action. It is less likely to receive help in big cities due to distractions. They may fail to see it was an emergency, they might think someone already called 911 and nonintervention is also an act of comformity.

Question 28

What are the different reasons for conforming?

Answer 28

2 reasons: A desire to fit in & They need to connect | 3 levels: Confidence, Internalivation, Identification

Question 29

Is compliance generally short-lived or long-lived?

Answer 29

Long lived as lon as the promised reward or or punishment remains intact

Question 30

Why is internalization the most permanent level of conformity?

Answer 30

internalized belief are desired to be right and believed that we are right. Once we internalize the belief, our actions and behaviors are impacted by that belief. Hard to resist change.

Question 31

Why did the teachers in the Milgram experiment continue to deliver shocks even after they knew the learners were in pain?

Answer 31

67% of the teachers continued to administer the shocks to the max level. Since the experimenter would tell them, "The experiment requires you to continue". The teachers felt like they had to conform to make the experiment successful. They were just following orders. They thought the researchers were highly respected individuals.

Question 32

What is compliance?

Answer 32

The behavior of a person who is motivated by a desire to gain reward or avoid punishment. The person's behavior is only as long-lived as the promise of reward or threat of punishment.

Question 33

What is the level of conformity brought about by an individual's desire to be like the group or model they admire?

Answer 33

Identification

Question 34

What variations of the Milgram experiment have been conducted?

Answer 34

They found out that the farther the teachers were from the learners, the more willing and easier it was for them to administer the shocks.

Question 35

Debriefing

Answer 35

The experimenter has to make sure the participants leave the experimental situation in a frame of mind that is at least sound as it was when they entered the experimented situation.

Question 36

Who is Joseph Dunbar?

Answer 36

Character in Catch 22 in WW2. He was ordered to bomb villages in Italy. He didn't want to protest or hurt innocent people so he dropped bombs on empty fields.

Question 37

What is the difference between an attitude and an opinion?

Answer 37

An attitude is an opinion that includes an emotional and evaluative component. There are strong feelings embedded in them. An opinion is what a person believes is true. They are cognitive.

Question 38

Propaganda and Education

Answer 38

The systematic propagation of a given doctrine The act of imparting knowledge or skill For example, History book focuses mainly on white people than on POC

Question 39

Emotional Cognition

Answer 39

A way for the media to exert power. This occurs when one person's emotional behavior triggers similar emotions and behaviors in observers

Question 40

The more emotions a person feels to someone - the influence is much stronger. What is this the example of?

Answer 40

Emotional contagion

Question 41

The more media attention an event gets the more contagious it becomes and the higher likelihood that others will be inspired to follow suit.

Answer 41

Emotional contagion

Question 42

Intentional persuasion

Answer 42

Advertisements - the more familiar something is, the more attractive it becomes. The more we are exposed to something, the more we like it.

Question 43

What are 3 factors that increase the effectiveness of persuasion?

Answer 43

Effectiveness of communication/persuasive argument, the source of communication and the nature of communication, and the mindset of the audience.

Question 44

Festinger and Walster Experiment

Answer 44

2 graduate students - 2 conditions: undergrad presence and undergrad nonpresence: Undergrad student changed their opinions to the grad students

Question 45

What happened when the USDA started adding a meat additive to the ground beef supply?

Answer 45

ABC News called it pink slime. It was eliminated through petitions