Exam 1 Flashcards
(49 cards)
Define Anatomy:
What you can learn when you cut things up, that is, the scientific study of the body’s structure–physical attributes and how they relate
Define Physiology:
The study of the nature and characteristics of the body’s structures
What aspects of biology fall into anatomy/physiology:
Anatomy: the study of the body’s structures
Physiology: the study of the functions of the body’s structures
Why are anatomy and physiology taught together?
A&P are taught together because form and function of structures are highly interrelated
What are the five essential themes of Anatomy and Physiology?
1) Nested structural organization, structure of the body are made up of smaller components
2) Structure and function are highly interrelated
3) Energy transfer, storage, and use
4) Information flow, storage, and use
5) Homeostasis & the control systems that maintain it
Define homeostasis:
The regulation of the Extracellular matrix- maintaining regulated variables within set points
Define the aspects of homeostasis:
Set point: the range of acceptable variables for a regulated variable
Regulated variable: A variable that the body regulates in order to maintain optimal function
Receptor: aka a sensor, what notices that a regulated variable is or is not with in the set point (a loss of homeostasis)
effector: aka the target, what acts to correct a regulated variable that has gone outside of a set point
Control (integration) center: a structure in the body that receives information from a receptor and tells the effector how to respond
What are the main physiological variable the body attempts to maintain homeostasis?
pH (hydrogen availability), temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose
List the steps of the response pathway:
Stimulus, receptor, input signal via afferent pathway, integration center, output signal via efferent pathway, effector, response
What is the effect of the response in a feedback mechanism (loop)?
Response either increases or decreased the stimulus which will cause the response pathway to continue or turn off respectively
Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback and give examples:
Negative: Response turns of the stimulus and turns off the response pathway–Response to touching something hot
Positive: Response increases the stimulus moving the variable father from homeostasis–pregnancy contractions
Why is negative feedback more common than positive feedback?
Because the stimulus often indicates a harmful deviance from the set points which must be corrected. This is corrected by a negative feedback loop
What is the difference between ICF and ECF?
ICF is inside the cell, slightly negative, contains more K ions
ECF is outside the cell, slightly positive, contains more Na, Cl and bicarbonate (HCO3) ions
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple: moves lipids, steroids, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules, and small lipophilic molecules (and water slowly) (O2 included) directly across the lipid bilayer without help. (High to low concentration)
Facilitated: moves small polar or charged particles using channel or carrier proteins without ATP or down their concentration gradient
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport?
Facilitated diffusion moves particles without ATP and down (with) concentration gradient
Primary Active transport: moves small molecules and ions with membrane proteins directly using ATP up (against) the concentration gradient
Secondary Active transport: moves particles with membrane proteins down the ionic gradient caused by a primary active transport or moves one particle down its CG while moving another up its CG (either symport or antiport)
What are the differences between exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis?
Exocytosis is when a vacuole merges with the cell membrane releasing its contents (large lipophobic molecules and cellular waste) into the ECM
Endocytosis is when a vacuole forms bringing large molecules into the cell
Phagocytosis is a form of specific actin-mediated endocytosis where the structures of the cytoplasm branch out to engulf something.
Pinocytosis is a form of nonselective endocytosis where the cell membrane constantly indents to take in parts of ECF.
Define resting membrane potential:
Resting membrane potential is the electrical gradient between the ECF an ICF–the difference in electrical charge
What role do ion concentration gradients and membrane permeability to ions in establishing a membrane potential?
Ion concentration gradients cause ions to want to go from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration this works against the attempt to form a membrane potential.
Membrane permeability to ions allows ions to come in or out of the membrane to establish the membrane potential
How do sodium-potassium ATPase pumps help maintain the resting membrane potential?
This pump allows the cell to bring Na and K against their concentration gradients. 3 Na out for every 2 K in. (More K leak channels than Na so more + out) Na and K are the main ions that create the RMP
What are the different protein categories?
Enzymes: Are catalysts:
Membrane Transporters:
a. Carrier: allow ions up or down their concentration gradient with or without ATP by changing their shape
b. Channel: allow larger or lipophobic molecules and ions in down their concentration gradient
Signal Molecules (hormones)
Receptors: initiate response when bound to
Binding Proteins: (hemoglobin)
Immunoglobins (aka antibodies)
Regulatory Proteins: (turn on/off, up/down)
-Protein function is entirely dependent on its shape created by the tertiary or quaternary structure
What are the different factors that impact how a protein binds with a ligand?
To bind protein and ligand must have molecular complementarity. Affinity (attraction to ligand/the ability to stay attached-higher affinity w/ lower dissociation constant), specificity (ability of protein to bind with a certain ligand)
Isoforms of a protein have similar functions with differing affinities for a ligand
Equilibrium is when the binding and detaching rates are equal
Law of mas action will shift an equation so there are more molecules on the reactant side.
How can other molecules interact with a protein to change its ability to bind with a ligand?
Agonist: mimic how other ligand would have acted
Antagonist: Make the protein unable to bind with the ligand & causes an opposite action
Proteolytic activations: A protein may require a ligase to change its shape to make it receptive to a ligand
Cofactors can bind to a protein giving it an active binding sight
Competitive inhibitors blocks ligand @ binding site and has no reaction
Allosteric inhibitor blocks /activates an active site away from the site
Covalent Modulators: phosphorylate
How can environmental factors and ligand or protein concentrations alter protein-ligand interactions?
Temperature (to high denature, too low too slow) and pH (out of range denature) can change the shape of a protein
More proteins make ligand binding more likely
Less proteins make binding less likely
More ligands lead to saturation- maximum reaction rate
What are the four major tissue types?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
