Exam 1

Question 1

PAMP

Answer 1

aka MAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern, can be recognized by innate immune cells

Question 2

PRRs

Answer 2

pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells recognize PAMP

Question 3

examples of PAMP (6 total)

Answer 3

LPS, peptidoglycan, LTA, flagellin, viral RNA, unmethylated CpG DNA

Question 4

CpG DNA

Answer 4

cytosine-phosphate-guanine which methylates in mammals, not in bacteria (PAMP)

Question 5

TLR4

Answer 5

binds to LPS using LBP, CD14 anchor, and MD-2, triggers signaling cascade

Question 6

Function of imiquimod

Answer 6

binds and stimulates equine TLR7/8 against sarcoids and aural plaques

Question 7

oxidative burst

Answer 7

NADPH generates superoxide, then hydrogen peroxide, then OCl-,

Question 8

antigen vs epitope

Answer 8

antigen is an entire molecule or protein that is specific to a potential pathogen, epitope is just 4-16 aa on the antigen recognized by immune system

Question 9

monovalent, multivalent, and polyvalent antigens

Answer 9

antigens with one, multiple of same, or multiple of different epitopes

Question 10

haptens

Answer 10

antigens that bind to an antigen receptor but need a carrier conjugated in order to be recognized by antibodies (conjugated vaccines)

Question 11

MHC I

Answer 11

made by all nucleated cells, presents antigens to CD8/Tc cells, leads to apoptosis of presenting cell by Tc

Question 12

MHC II

Answer 12

Made by APCs only, presents to CD4/Th cells

Question 13

Myeloid lineage cells

Answer 13

Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, neutrophils

Question 14

thymic involution

Answer 14

atrophy of thymus in older individuals

Question 15

hassal’s corpuscles

Answer 15

squamous epithelium in thymus medulla that primarily produces cytokines

Question 16

pancytopenia

Answer 16

deficiency of all three blood components, RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 17

What differs between primed and naive lymphocyte circulation?

Answer 17

Primed lymphocytes move through body tissues to LN, where naive moves directly through arteries to LN (except pigs)

Question 18

Extravasation

Answer 18

the process by which a leukocyte exits a vessel (tethering, triggering, latching, diapedesis)

Question 19

Which cytokines are produced by sentinel cells, like macrophages, and initiate the innate immune response?

Answer 19

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

Question 20

Latherin

Answer 20

protein in horse sweat that cools but also antimicrobial

Question 21

Innate immunity chemical barriers

Answer 21

lysozymes (body fluids) and defensins destroy bacterial cell walls/membranes
lactoferrin sequesters iron, and lactoperoxidase generates ROS

Question 22

Adhesion exclusion

Answer 22

performed by normal microbiota to keep pathogens from adhering to mucus membranes

Question 23

rhodococcus equi

Answer 23

bacteria that can live inside macrophages and evade lysosomes

Question 24

IFN-gamma

Answer 24

Th1 and NK cell produced cytokine that can activate macrophages

Question 25

healing process cytokines

Answer 25

IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10

Question 26

Which receptors on macrophages respond to PAMPS?

Answer 26

TLR2 and TLR4

Question 27

Which receptors on macrophages respond to transferrin?

Answer 27

CD71, useful for iron regulation

Question 28

Which receptors on macrophages respond to IL-2?

Answer 28

CD25

Question 29

Cyclic neutropenia in gray collies

Answer 29

Cyclic failure of neutrophil maturation, leads to chronic infections and also compromised melanocytes

Question 30

What cytokine is important for chemotaxis of neutrophils?

Answer 30

IL-17

Question 31

IL-18

Answer 31

also pro-inflammatory cytokine, production catalyzed by inflammasome

Question 32

inflammasome

Answer 32

multiprotein complex generated by NOD-like receptors (PAMP and DAMP), then sentinel cell produces IL-1B and IL-18 with inflammatory caspases

Question 32

inflammasome

Answer 32

multiprotein complex generated by NOD-like receptors (PAMP and DAMP), then sentinel cell produces IL-1B and IL-18

Question 33

what sort of bonds hold antibody peptide chains together?

Answer 33

disulfide bonds

Question 34

What are the two sequences that can make up light chains?

Answer 34

kappa and lambda

Question 35

Where does the basic variation come from for the different classes of the antibody?

Answer 35

variations in the constant region (heavy chain isotypes)

Question 36

crofab

Answer 36

made from antigen binding fragments to snake venom, neutralize antigen but can't bind to effector molecule without Fc

Question 37

heterodimeric CD79

Answer 37

signaling portion of the BCR complex that activates B cell

Question 38

Fc epsilon

Answer 38

binds IgE with high affinity first, then binds antigen

Question 39

C3a and C5a (also C2b, C4a)

Answer 39

induces inflammation, recruits phagocytic cells

Question 40

C1

Answer 40

begins classical pathway of activation, C1q binds to antibody bound to pathogen, C1r/s cleaves C4

Question 41

terminal sialic acid residues

Answer 41

an important marker on host cells to signal to the immune system to back off

Question 42

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Answer 42

patients with mutations for factor I, factor H, or MCP, can't regulate complement and damages host blood cells

Question 43

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 43

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 44

Plasma derived inflammatory mediators (3)

Answer 44

products of coagulation and kinin systems, C3a, C5a

Question 45

histamine effects after binding to H1

Answer 45

vasodilation and increased permeability, smooth muscle contraction, itch perception and skin rash (urticaria)

Question 46

Arachidonic acid metabolites

Answer 46

prostaglandins and leukotrienes, inhibited by NSAIDS and steroids

Question 47

Gout

Answer 47

deposition of uric acid crystals stimulate formation of inflammasome

Question 48

familial shar pei fever

Answer 48

increased production of serum amyloid A characterized by episodic fever or swelling of the hocks

Question 49

selectins

Answer 49

cell adhesion molecules containing a lectin domain that bind to carbohydrates, increased extravasation, during rolling adhesion

Question 50

integrins

Answer 50

heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that increase extravasation (ICAM), during stable adhesion

Question 51

which cytokines upregulate expression of selectins

Answer 51

TNF, IL-1

Question 52

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 52

genetic defect affected expression of CD18, an integrin

Question 53

What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 53

IL-10 and TGF

Question 54

Potent cytokine associated with granulomas

Answer 54

IFN-gamma