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IMMUNO > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

which APC is the only cell that can participate in maturation of a naive t cell?

A

dendritic cells

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2
Q

anchor residues

A

specific portions of a displayed antigen that attach it to MHC

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3
Q

which cytokine increases the rate of proteolysis and why is it important in MHC I antigen presentation?

A

INF-gamma increases rate to increase the chances of catching a pathogen antigen

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4
Q

Function of TAP proteins and ERAAP

A

TAP = transport of peptides into ER for presentation
ERAAP = final processing of peptides for binding to MHC

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5
Q

Invariant chain function in MHC II antigen binding

A

blocks random proteins from binding to MHC II before it reaches antigen containing vesicle

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6
Q

DM role in MHC II antigen binding

A

catalyzed loading of antigen into MHC II binding pocket

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7
Q

what is cross presentation in dendritic cells?

A

DC can display extracellular pathogens on MHC I as well as MHC II

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8
Q

superantigens

A

toxins that encourage aberrant binding of TCR and MHC II, produces cytokine storm, effect similar to sepsis

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9
Q

Which cytokine is secreted by thymic stromal cells and is crucial to T cell development?

A

IL7

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10
Q

Notch1

A

protein on thymocytes that binds thymic epithelium, then activates T cell genes

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11
Q

gamma: delta T cells

A

express only CD3 and are largely found in gut mucosa

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12
Q

how many attempts does the T cell have to produce a productive beta chain rearrangement?

A

4, two per allele (one from mom and one from dad)

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13
Q

RAG (recombination-activating genes)

A

mediate beta chain rearrangements

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14
Q

CD28

A

costimulation molecule on naive T cells

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15
Q

CTLA-4

A

Inhibitory signal on T cells, winds down immune response after differentiation has occurred (replaces CD28)

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16
Q

What binding proteins are used by naive t cells to bind APCs?

A

T cell LFA and CD2, APC ICAMs and CD58

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17
Q

What are the three signals needed by a naive t cell to induce clonal expansion?

A

MHC-TCR match, co-stimulatory signals of B7-CD28, and cytokines directing differentiation

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18
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Treg cell?

A

TGF-beta

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19
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Tfh cell?

A

IL6

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20
Q

What cytokines are needed to produce a Th17 cell?

A

TGF-beta and IL6

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21
Q

What cytokines are needed to produce a Th1 cell?

A

IL12 and IFN-gamma

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22
Q

What cytokine is needed to produce a Th2 cell?

A

IL4

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23
Q

What are the three critical transcription factors for T cell differentiation?

A

NFAT, NF-kappaB, and AP-1

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24
Q

How does the expression of CD69 retain stimulated T cells in the lymph node?

A

CD69 binds and internalizes S1PR1 receptor, so the cell cannot follow the S1P gradient back into circulation

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25
IL2 effect
induces proliferation, critical for differentiation of T cells into effector and memory cells
26
CCR7
important receptor on memory T cells that stay in lymphoid tissue for a secondary response
27
What are the scary things inside cytotoxic T cell granules?
perforin and granzymes
28
Th1 cells
control bacteria that can grow inside macrophages, express IFN-gamma and IL2 and CD40L
29
Th2 cells
control parasite infection, express IL4, IL5, and IL13 that promote mast cells, eosinophils, and IgE production
30
Th17 cells
stimulate neutrophil response to bacteria and fungi, driven by TGF-beta, pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL21, to secrete IL17 and IL22 (promotes epithelial integrity
31
Tfh cells
B cell class switching
32
Ig alpha and Ig beta are analogous to
CD3 and gamma chains in the TCR
33
CD19 and CD20
common b cell markers, produced early in maturation
34
which class of membrane bound antibody is produced by a miu constant chain?
IgM
35
which class of membrane bound antibody is produced by a delta constant chain?
IgD
36
What cytokine produced by Tfh cells will cause a class switch to IgE or IgA? What if there are no cytokines produced?
IgE = IL4 IgA = TGF-beta IgM = none
37
combinatorial diversity vs junctional diversity
combinatorial is normal matching different segments, junctional happens when nucleotides are added or deleted randomly at junctions
38
Which antibodies are associated with exclusion vs elimination at mucosal surfaces?
exclusion- IgA elimination- IgG and IgE
39
pIgR
polymeric immunoglobulin receptor binds IgA on basolateral surface, moves through cell, and then is secreted with IgA
40
What is the role of IL6 and BAFF/APRIL in mucosal immunity?
IL6 controls terminal differentiation of IgA plasma cells, BAFF/APRIL are co-stimulatory molecules
41
What three body fluids have the most IgA?
(descending order) colostrum, tears, nasal mucus
42
intraepithelial lymphocytes
gamma delta T cells specialized for epithelial defense, may receive antigen directly from M cell
43
addressins
molecules that regulate lymphocyte tracking like B7 and MadCAM1?
44
IL-22
produced by Th17 cells and involved in mucosal healing
45
Which two cytokines are important in inhibiting inflammatory response to commensals?
IL-10 and IL-2
46
Surfactants A and D
can act as opsonins, modulate actions of T cells and dentritic cells
47
Which antibody is dominant in ruminant milk?
IgG, IgA in all other
48
how do cells recognize viruses?
TLRs 3,7,8,9, and intracellular RIG-1 and MDA5
49
which interferons are produced primarily by virus-infected cells?
IFN alpha and beta
50
2'5' OAS triggered by IFN-alpha
degrades viral RNA
51
Protein kinase R triggered by IFN-alpha
prevents viral translation
52
Mx GTPase triggered by IFN-alpha
blocks viral assembly
53
ISG15 triggered by IFN-alpha
destroys viral proteins
54
viperin triggered by IFN-alpha
blocks lipid rafts
55
tetherin triggered by IFN-alpha
prevents viral release
56
What role do chitinases and L-arginases have in innate immunity to helminths?
chitinases act on chitin in helminth cuticle, L-arginases drive granuloma formation
57
IL13
stimulates epithelial proliferation, sloughs worms attached to epithelial layers
58
What are the four major eosinophil granule contents?
Major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil neurotoxin, and eosinophil peroxidase
59
Fc-gamma R (CD32)
cellular receptor that initiates phagocytosis upon binding a antobody-pathogen complex
60
sIgA proteases
evasive strategy protein of pathogen that cleaves IgA at the hinge
61
IL-12
secreted by macrophages in order to activate NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma to extra-activate macrophages or directly kill infected cells
62
lysozymes
antimicrobial peptide that eats through peptidoglycan
63
dectins and TLR2
PRRs that specifically recognizes fungal cell wall components, stimulate neutrophil activation

IMMUNO (5 decks)

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