Exam 1 Flashcards by Ashley Burkhalter

death and disease in children can be reduced by preventing these 6 categories of behavior

tobacco use
behavior resulting in injury/violence
alcohol, substance use
dietary, hygienic practices
sedentary lifestyle
sexual behavior: unintended pregnancy and disease

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most common cause of death and disabilities in children

injuries

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childhood age with the lowest rate of death

5-14 y/o

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leading cause of death for children 10-19 y/o

suicide

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review slide 12: impact of divorce

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joint physical custody

parents alternate physical care on an equitable basis

share responsibilities legally

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children reside with one parent but both are legal guardians

joint legal custody

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different types of family structures

traditional nuclear
blended
extended
single-parent
polygamous
communal
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

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an increase in physical size of a whole or any of its parts or an increase in number and size of cells

measured easily, accurately

growth

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continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behavior

development

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newborn stage

birth -1 month

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infancy stage

1 month - 1 year

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toddlerhood stage

1-3 year

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preschool age stage

3-6 year

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school aged stage

6-11/12 year

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head circumference is measured up to ___ y/o

3 y/o

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birth weight doubles by __ ___ and triples by __ ___

6 months; 1 year

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patterns of growth + development

simple to complex
proximodistal
cephalocaudal
wide variations WNL occur

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factors that influence growth and development

genetics
environment
culture
nutrition
health status
family structure
parental attitudes
child-rearing philosophies

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temperament

manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to characteristic of an individual.

the way an individual handles life

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child that is even tempered, predictable in their habits; positive approach to new stimuli

easy child

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child that is highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits; slow to adapt to new routines, people, and situations; intense, negative expressions of mood; do better with structure

difficult child

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child that reacts negatively with mild and new stimuli; adapt slowly with repeated contact

slow-to-warm-up child

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what are the 3 types of temperament

easy child
difficult child
slow-to-warm-up child

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the ability to understand

passive, receptive

ability to produce meaningful vocalization

expressive

first method of communication

crying

by 2 y/o, a child should have a vocab of ___ words; by 4 y/o a child has a sense of ___

300 words; grammer

___ theory of cognitive development

Piaget's

___ theory of psychosexual development

Freud's

___ psychsocial theory

Erikson's

___ theory of moral development

Kohlberg's

___ is the work of children

play they learn their world through playing

review slide 28: different types of play

3 phases of separation anxiety/anaclitic depression

protest despair detachment

protest: infancy

crying, screaming clinging to parent rejects contact with strangers

protest: toddlerhood

verbal, physical attack attempts to escape

despair s/sx

inactive withdrawn depressed, sad uninterested in environment regression

denial/detachment

rarely seen in hospitalized child superficial adjustment beings to show interest in environment again appears happy

how should you reference time to a toddler?

"after paw patrol goes off." "after dinner" never use actual clock time

should you ask a preschooler to do assessments such as BP?

No, say things like "can I use your L or R arm?"

hospitalized school-aged children fear ___ and ___

death; abandonment

adolescents prefer to be with their ___ vs their ___

friends; parents

most invasive procedures on an infant should be done ___

last

T or F. painful procedures should be performed in a separate room

true

should you use a child's favorite doll/toy as an example for a procedure?

No, a different one

4 types of informed consent

assent age of majority emancipated minor treatment without parental consent

assent

child, adolescent has been informed about what will happen and is willing to permit a HCP to perform it

age of majority

age that a person is considered to have all the legal rights of an adult; 18 y/o in most states

emancipated minor

legally under the age of majority but recognized as having legal capacity of an under d/t pregnancy, marriage, living independently, high school graduate, military service

treatment without parental consent

need for urgent treatment; parent is not available or refuses to given consent

single most important factor to consider when communicating with children

their developmental level nonverbal cues may convey significant messages

children less than 5 are considered ___ bc they have no interest in the experiences of others

egocentric

what is animism

assigning human attributes to inanimate objects ex: fell down the stairs, no they think stairs are bad

children in school-aged years want ____

explanations why things are used; how they work; why it's being done

children should be between ___ and ___ percentile for height, weight

5th and 95th

infant positioning for infant examination

parents lap or full view of parent

infant + toddler: traumatic procedures should be performed when?

last

infant: what reflex should be performed at the very end

Moro

toddler positioning for physical exam

in parents lap have the parent undress the child

toddler: how to inspect body area

through play

preschool aged positioning for physical exam

3: parent may hold on lap 4-5: lie on the table, parent close by

preschool + school-age child examination order

H2T if cooperative

school-age child education

body functioning and care

how to measure length/height

L: recumbent until 2-3 y/o H: standing after 3 y/o

how long to measure head circumference

up to 36 months

when are the head + chest equal in size

1-2 y/o up until then, the head is 1cm larger than the chest

weight should be record in # or kg?

can a diaper be left on for an infant being weighed?

Yes but it must be dry can weigh the dry diaper separate and substract

when is BP assessed

annually after 3 y/o

where to observe respiration in infants

abdominal x1 minute

how to assess pulse on infants

apically x1 minute

when to assess temp on infants

last VS to assess

where to assess skin turgor

abdomen

___ indicates premature closure of sutures

asymmetry

when do fontanels close?

P: 2nd month A: 12-18 months

head lag after 6 months indicates what?

cerebral injury

hyperextension of the head (opisthotonos) with pain indicates ___ ___

meningeal irritation

when should an infant be able to fixate on 1 visual field with both eyes simultaneously (binocularity)

3-4 months

when are children tested for color blindness

4-8 y/o this is common in males

what may occur if strabismus is not corrected by 4-6 years of age

amblyopia

low set ears are associated with ___ ___ or ___ ___

renal anomalies or mental retardation

normal color for tympanic membrane

translucent light pearly pink or gray

what does a black tympanic membrane indicate

perforation that has not healed

when does dentition begin

6-10 months

when does breast development begin

8-12

infants have an ___ anteroposterior-to-transverse chest diameter

equal

when does the A:P ratio reach that of an adult

6-7

where to assess apical pulse if < 7

4th ICS, lateral to MCL

where to assess apical pulse if >7

5th ICS, MCL

T or F. it is common to have a murmur the first 2-3 days of life

true

what is sinus arrhythmia

HR increases with inspiration, decreases with expiration normal finding in some children

normal cap refill

< 2 seconds

tense, board-like abdomen indicates what?

paralytic ileum and intestinal obstrution

hypospadias vs. epispadias

urinary meatus is located H: bottom E: top

knee-knock is normal up to what age

2-7

what does the Denver II assess

detect possible developmental delays in preschoolers

4 areas assess with Denver II

gross motor fine motor language personal-social

Denver II has allowances for premature infants up to ___ months

how to read Denver II results

P: proficient F: fail all items L of the age line should be accomplished

Exam 1 Flashcards

(100 cards)