exam 1

Question 1

what is social psychology?

Answer 1

the study of situational influence (external influence)

Question 2

level of analysis

Question 3

relative to personality psychology

Answer 3

individual differences (internal influence)

Question 4

relative to sociology and anthropology

Answer 4

sociology - study of group behavior
anthropology - study of culture

Question 5

underestimating the social situation (book)

Question 6

fundamental attribution error (book)

Answer 6

we tend to attribute other people’s behavior to their disposition
we tend to ignore or discount other peoples situation.

Question 7

construals

Question 8

the influence of Gestalt psychology

Question 9

Kurt Lewin

Question 10

basic social motives

Answer 10

the need to be accurate
the need to feel good about ourselves

Question 11

controlled vs. automatic processing

Answer 11

controlled - algorithms - step by step procedures for judging info and making behavioral decisions

automatic - heuristics - more general rules of thumb for judging information and making behavioral decisions

Question 12

function of schemas

Answer 12

schemas - organized collection of concepts

Question 13

confirmation bias
Kelley (1950) (book)

Answer 13

• evidence consist with schema noticed, encoded, remembered
• evidence not consistent with schema - not noticed encoded or remembered
• what we see depends mainly on what we look for
• people only see what they are prepared to see

Question 14

the race-weapon bias
Correll et al. (2002) (notes)

Answer 14

more likely to associate black individuals with guns than white people

Question 15

reconstructive nature of memory
Allport & Postman (1947)
Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Question 16

schema accessibility and priming
Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977) (book)

Question 17

self-fulfilling prophecy / expectancy confirmation
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)

Answer 17

expect someone to be unfriendly, they are, you are being unfriendly (self fulfilling prophecy).

Question 18

judgmental heuristics (3)

Answer 18

availability - judgements and decisions are influenced by concepts that are more cognitively available - those that come to mind more easily
representativeness - our judgements are influenced chance events by concepts that are more representative. those that seem to “fit” better in the present context
anchoring - our judgements and decisions are influenced by concepts that are present when we begin the decision making process - these “anchor” our thoughts

Question 19

unconscious thinking
Shariff & Norenzayan (2007) (book)

Question 20

analytic vs. holistic thinking

Question 21

Nisbett et al. (book)
counterfactual reasoning
how to improve human social thinking?

Answer 21

counterfactual thinking - the emotional impact of a negative event is grater to the extend that the individual can mentally “undo” the negative event.

Question 22

universality of facial expressions

Question 23

display rules

Question 24

implicit personality theory

Question 25

causal attributions Fritz Heider (1958) (book and notes) internal vs. external attributions

Answer 25

internal/dispositional - do what you do because you are that type of person external/situational - rewards, notoriety - attributing behavior to other people or circumstances in ones social situation.

Question 26

the covariation model (Kelley, 1967) (book & notes) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

Answer 26

the logic of making internal and external attributions 1 people - internal = low consensus behave different from others. external = high consensus behave the same as others 2 situation - internal = low distinctiveness behave same in different situations. external = high distinctiveness behave differently in different situations 3 - internal = high consistency random behavior. external = high consistency patterned behavior

Question 27

correspondent inference theory

Answer 27

make disp attribution about behavior by not fitting in. - non common effects - variations in outcome

Question 28

Thin slicing Ambady & Rosenthal (1993) (book)

Question 29

perceptual salience, anchoring, culture, attitudes motivation Taylor & Fiske (1975) (book & notes) Rosenhan (1973) (notes) Morris & Peng (1994) (book & notes) Zucker & Weiner (1993) (notes) belief in a just world

Question 30

actor / observer difference

Question 31

self-serving attributions self-serving bias defensive attributions

Question 32

the “bias blind spot”

Question 33

algorithms are the

Answer 33

motivated tactician - happens sometimes

Question 34

heuristics is the

Answer 34

cognitive miser - most of the time

Question 35

One of Kurt Lewin's boldest intellectual contributions to social psychology was __________. Group of answer choices

Answer 35

applying Gestalt principles to social perception

Question 36

he "father" of modern experimental social psychology, Kurt Lewin, pointed out the importance of understanding how people __________ their social environments.

Answer 36

construe

Question 37

Although the fields of sociology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the other?

Answer 37

it examines the individual in the situation whereas the other examines broader societal issues

Question 38

Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared with a sociologist, a social psychologist is most likely to ask which of the following questions?

Answer 38

when does anger lead to aggression?

Question 39

Ross and colleagues (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to one of two games: the Wall Street Game or the Community Game. They found that two-thirds of the players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively, compared with one-third of the people who played the Community Game. What do these findings suggest?

Answer 39

Seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences.

Question 40

Complete the following analogy, based on information from your text: behaviorism is to __________ as Gestalt psychology is to __________.

Answer 40

rewards; perceptions

Question 41

Melissa, Sally, Kathleen, and Lynne went mountain climbing. According to the self-justification approach, which one of the women would most appreciate the view from the top of the mountain? Group of answer choices

Answer 41

Sally, who pulled a muscle and got scratched by thorn

Question 42

Josh and his friends have just started up a new fraternity on campus, and want to recruit men who will be loyal and love it. Based on the self-esteem approach, which initiation strategy would you recommend to Josh?

Answer 42

ake them suffer a little: ride backwards in elevators all week.

Question 43

Thomas is scrupulously honest when it comes to not cheating on his tests and papers, but when a cashier accidentally gives him back too much change, he is likely to keep the extra money. A social psychologist would most likely say that Thomas's behavior __________.

Answer 43

must be responding to factors in the situation that affect his honesty

Question 44

According to your text, one reason why social psychologists study the causes of social behavior is to __________.

Answer 44

contribute to the solution of social problems

Question 45

The social cognition approach is based on the notion that humans are often motivated to __________.

Answer 45

be accurate in their perceptions and inferences

Question 46

How do social psychologists differ from those who rely on common sense or folk wisdom in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists __________.

Answer 46

use science to test hypotheses about the social world

Question 46

greatest impact on the field was hitler... why?

Answer 46

Gestalt psych came to the US when Gestalt psychologists fled nazi regime

Question 47

From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to give her a hug in hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behavior is an example of a(n) __________ social influence attempt.

Answer 47

direct

Question 48

Jada gives William her dessert at lunch in the hope that he will like her. Jada's behavior is an example of __________.

Answer 48

a direct social influence attempt

Question 49

Like social psychologists, personality psychologists focus on __________.

Answer 49

individuals rather than collectives or institutions

Question 50

Human beings are often motivated to construe themselves and the social world accurately. The __________ approach is based on this assumption.

Answer 50

social cognition

Question 51

Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists __________.

Answer 51

are concerned with peoples perspectives on their social environments

Question 52

In their approach to understanding social behavior, social psychologists are most similar to __________.

Answer 52

gestalt psychologists

Question 53

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social cognition approach to social psychology?

Answer 53

people tend to distort reality to make themselves look good

Question 54

Which of the following questions is a behaviorist most likely to ask?

Answer 54

what are the external rewards in this situation?

Question 55

Linda tells her professor that her dog is very smart. Every time he hears the word "walkies," he runs to get his leash and stands in front of the door. Linda's professor tells her that her dog has learned to do this because, in the past, pleasant walks always followed the word "walkies." Linda's professor is most likely endorsing a __________ explanation.

Answer 55

behaviorist

Question 56

The tendency most people have to discount situational explanations of behavior in favor of personality characteristics or traits is called the __________.

Answer 56

fundamental attribution error

Question 57

"Are some people just better leaders than others?" Such a question about human nature is most likely to be asked by a __________.

Answer 57

personality psychologist

Question 58

Philosophers provide insight into __________.

Answer 58

human nature