exam 3 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
according to the tenets of cognitive dissonance theory, people are most likely to change their attitudes when they have ______ justification for an attitude-discrepant behavior
A
insufficient external
2
Q
Researchers davidson and jaccard studied the relationship between women’s attitudes and their use of the birth control pill. the results of this study indicated that general attitudes were ________ of behavior
A
poor predictors
3
Q
according to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, people who _______ are most likely to take the _____ route to persuasion
A
are motivated to pay attention; central
4
Q
what are the components of attitude?
A
self-perceptions
5
Q
recent advertisements for Chrysler automobiles focus on notions like “computer generated” design features for better gas mileage and steel enforced side door construction for safety. this focus on objective attributes of chrysler cars
A
focuses on the utilitarian aspects of the cars
6
Q
andre is not at all familiar with a presidential candidate’s stand on the issues or with his proposed policies, but Andre likes “his” candidate and plans to vote for him anyway. This example illustrates that people’s attitudes towards politicians are often
A
affectively based
7
Q
according to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, you are more likely to be influenced by the central route when you are
A
willing and able to give your full attention to the message
8
Q
according to the authors of your text, why are attitudes important?
A
they determine what we do
9
Q
I guess I like junk food because I am always eating it represented a
A
behaviorally based attitude
10
Q
according to reactance theory, which should be used for the least amount of resistance when a parents try to convince his child to keep his/her room clean?
A
please try to remember to put your toys away when you’ve finished playing with them
11
Q
Crystal rushes into a store needing to pick up some orange juice. she quickly picks up the deepest orange colored juice that states “not from concentrate” and is the cheapest. she is basing her decision on a
A
cognitively based attitude
12
Q
the reason that forewarning tends to prevent attitude change is that it
A
causes peoples to analyze persuasive appeals much more carefully
13
Q
as a persuasive communicator your goal is to influence the opinions of your audience. you are most likely to benefit from an audience that is slightly distracted when
A
your arguments are rather weak
14
Q
lenoir is taking a test to see if shes prejudiced towards elderly people. because it is difficult to assess her implicit attitudes, shes most likely
A
completing the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
15
Q
based on the theory of planned behavior, who is most likely to follow through on the intention to buy new tired?
A
richie, whose parents put safety first and who will lend him the money
16
Q
the makers of different over the counter pain relievers will be using product placement to market their products, which of the following best exemplifies where one would see these persuasive messages?
A
being used by an actor on a primetime TV show
17
Q
researchers suggest that some attitudes are linked to genetic influences. according to these researchers, how is it possible that we might inherit from our parents a love of something like classical music?
A
genes influence temperament and personality, which are in turn related to attitudes
18
Q
advertising makes the assumption that _____ will lead to ______
A
attitude change; behavioral change
19
Q
social psychologists have found that attitudes do predict behavior but only under certain specifiable conditions. one key factor is knowing whether the behavior in question is
A
spontaneous or deliberate
20
Q
tanisha’s family loves the chicago bulls. tanisha recently moved to cali and now cheers for the lakers. when she goes home her family sarcastically jokes with her and makes fun of her new love for the lakers. this reaction to her behavior is a
A
punishment
21
Q
product placement refers to
A
the display of a particular consumer product in a movie or tv show
22
Q
“feels great, smells great” theme song of a tv ad for perfume. why would this ad be most likely to work?
A
emotional appeals work well with social identity products
23
Q
a public service ad on tv shows a young boy resisting the attempts of someone off-camera to persuade him to accept drugs. the boy resists each and every enticement. the camera then pans back to the boys father that says “good job son!”. this ad illustrates the use of ______ to increase resistance to attitude change
A
attitude innoculation
24
Q
in most stores there is music in the background. from the perspective of social psychologists who study routes to persuasion it is probably designed to _______ and thus to ______
A
put them in a good mood; make products more attractive to them
25
the yale attitude change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message. which of the following best exemplifies audience variables as one of those factors?
attentive versus inattentive listeners
26
doty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake. she feels fear and jumps up and runs back to the house, all the while thinking. "I know that garden snakes are not dangerous" this example illustrates the inconsistency between the ______ component and the _____ components
cognitive; affective and behavioral
27
researchers provided participants with audiotapes that contained subliminal messages to improve memory or to raise self-esteem. after participants had listened to the tapes, the researchers assessed their memory or self esteem. greenwald and his colleagues found that the subliminal messages
did not work, but people thought that they did
28
based on the effects of attitude forewarning, whose attitude is likely to change the most?
marvin, who goes to see a comedy film and listens to an appeal from a charity before the movie is shown
29
all other things being equal when a communication is more _____ people are more likely to pay attention and process it through the central route
self-relevant
30
according to the authors of your text advertisers who market such products as deodorants, mouthwahses, and room deodorizers succeed because they
convince consumers that their products are relevant to them
31
why are highly accessible attitudes more likely to predict spontaneous behaviors than are less accessible attitudes
people are more likely to be thinking of accessible attitudes when they are called on to act.
32
suppose you are trying to persuade a group of people to purchase a new kitchen gadget. if you are presenting mostly weak arguments, which of the following would help people feel more confident in their attitudes?
asking them "no" questions to get them to shake their heads
33
attitude accessibility refers to
the association between the object and an evaluation of it
34
PSA often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviors. if fear appeals are used, it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behavior change
specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviors
35
because adolescents in particular are very susceptible to the emotional appeals of their peers, the textbook authors suggest that attitude inoculation attempts should take the form of
role-playing responses to peers' appeals
36
conterattitudinal advocacy results in attitude change when
there is minimal external justification for the statement
37
based on research by goldstein and colleagues (2008) which of the following techniques would be most effective in getting hotel guests to reuse towels?
putting a sign in the room that says a majority of the guests in this room reuse the towel
38
if a person deviated from the norms of a group the first thing the group is likely to do is
try to persuade him to conform
39
the authors of your text suggest that there are 2 major motivations to conform -
not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and wishing to avoid ridicule and rejection
40
marcia values the opinions and desires of both her parents and her close friends. when shes with her parents she finds herself agreeing with them. when shes with her friends she agrees with them even when they disagree with her parents. the change in marcias behavior represents the influence of Bibb Latane's concept of _____ of normative conformity
immediacy
41
mark is a democrat. he just joined a welfare reform committee made up of 9 republicans. mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. if mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations, he should
express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint
42
solomon asch conducted a series of experiments in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. participants then heard the other group members give correct estimations for some trials, and blatantly incorrect estimations for others. when confederates in the study gave an incorrect response, how did participants respond?
they tended to conform on at least one of the trials
43
according to latane's social impact theory, katy will binge eat with her sorority sisters because
her sorority sisters are immediate and the sorority is important to her
44
deviant behavior is usually met with rejection. for example in japan deviants in school tend to be shunned and harassed. such treatment is particularly psychologically damaging in japan because the culture
emphasizes cohesion and group harmony
45
based on the field study by shultz and his colleagues in which several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors. if you wanted to encourage people to use less electricity what would you do
give them smiley or sad faces depending on how well they conserved energy.
46
social norm
using a turn signal in the US
47
injunctive norms tend to be more powerful than descriptive norms because they are based on
normative social influence
48
bill has been deprived of human contact. he will tend to experience
stress and trauma
49
in variation of his standard experiment Asch found that when participants could write their responses on a piece of paper, conformity dropped dramatically. this finding indicates that participants exhibited _______, not ________ during the standard experiment
public compliance; private acceptance
50
researchers conducted a meta analysis of 133 Asch line-judgement studies conductive in 17 countries. they found that conformity was higher in _____ because normative social influence ________
collectivistic cultures; promotes harmony
51
which phenomena is most likely to result in private acceptance of an idea or behavior?
informational social influence
52
private acceptance is
conforming to another person's behavior because you believe that person is right
53
electric shock study
Millgram's study of obedience
54
alejandro has changed his behavior because of the real or imagined presence of others. this is known as
conformity
55
taking into account research on factors that increase informational social influence, which game contestant is most likely to yield to the informational social influence provided by teammates or the audience?
guy who is playing a television game show who answers a question whose answer he is uncertain of
56
_____ norms address peoples perceptions of what other people approve of
injunctive
57
_____ norms addresses peoples perceptions of what other people actually do
descriptive
58
what do heaven's gate followers and the freedom riders have in common
they confronted extreme and confusing situations and looked to others to decide how to behave.
59
reynald is participating in a research study where he is watching a dot of light in a dark room and it appears to move, but it actually wasn't
autokinetic effect
60
according to the author of your text once the first shock was delivered this created internal pressure to obey. this dissonance made it difficult later to
draw the line as to what exactly was too strong of a shock.
61
the area of brain that is active during Asch's study
amygdala - associated with negative emotions
62
what was at work during Asch's study?
normative social influence
63
people are more likely to conform to groups
in which they belong
64
simply telling peoples that their neighbors conserve energy was a more effective way of reducing energy than telling them the reasons they should conserve. why?
they were affected by informational social influence.
65
what % of asch's study conformed and gave the incorrect answer at least once during the trial 1 of the experiment?
76%
66
which situation best exemplifies the tenet of social impact theory that group strength is directly related to conformity?
when eating with strangers, suzie will talk with her mouth full, but not when eating with friends.
67
charlene typically goes along with her group of friends wants and asks of her. however one day she refuses to go get smoothies. chances are charlene will face little retribution for this as long as she has enough
idiosyncracy credits
68
when it comes to informational social influence processes we are more likely to conform with expert's ideas and behaviors than non experts because
experts are viewed as more credible sources of information
69
public compliance can occur without
private acceptance
70
what is important in creating conformity?
a unanimous group
71
to avoid _____ people will agree to a second even unattractive request as part of the foot in the door technique
dissonance
72
majorities tend to rely on ______
normative social influence
73
minorities tend to rely on _____
informational social influence
74
Group or team learning activities are becoming more common in the university setting. That is, professors often assign students to work in groups. Given what you know about social loafing, what advice would you give a professor who is considering using group learning activities?
for simple assignments you can expect the group to do worse than you would expect from individuals
75
An ambitious study of leadership in 62 countries determined that __________.
different traits are preferred in different cultures
76
Studies examining the relationship between leadership effectiveness and personality find that __________.
size of the family and height are correlated with effectiveness, but personality traits were not
77
Ted is a manager who effectively motivates his employees to complete their short-term projects in a timely manner without sacrificing quality. Ted always rewards the employees who meet these goals. Ted has a __________ leadership style.
transactional
78
Which of the following will give the greatest sense of belonging to a group and a sense of distinctiveness from others?
being a member of the psychology honors society
79
All things being equal, __________ from __________ cultures would be most likely to engage in social loafing.
men; western
80
According to a social comparison interpretation, group polarization tends to occur because individuals can present themselves in a more __________ light by taking slightly more __________ positions than the norm of the group.
positive; extreme
81
Group discussion often pushes people's initial individual decisions to the extreme, yielding group polarization. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, this is because __________.
others bring up perspectives that they have not thought about before
82
Presently, there are three main ideas as to why the presence of others leads to greater arousal. Which of the following is NOT one of the three explanations? The presence of others __________.
causes us to become more emotional
83
Social loafing is likely to impair performance __________ and to enhance performance __________.
on simple tasks; on complex tasks
84
Jan is the leader of a cohesive "knowledge masters" group that is preparing to compete against teams from other colleges. To prevent groupthink and ensure that her group is successful, she should __________.
invite experts who are not a part of the group to attend practice and provide critical feedback
85
Professor Smith has long used group projects in her courses. The groups have always performed extraordinarily well, and students seem to learn a great deal from such projects. Having just taken a new job at a different college, Dr. Smith finds that the group projects are of considerably lower quality. What might you conclude given the work of Karau and Williams (1993)?
Professor Smith used to teach at a womens college, but not teaches at a mens college
86
ccording to Irving Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value __________ over __________.
cohesiveness and solidarity ; a realistic consideration of the facts
87
When women are chosen for leadership positions over units or departments in crisis, this is __________.
referred to as the glass cliff, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is higher
88
"Don't talk during the movie" and "Cross the street at the corner or crosswalk" are examples of __________.
social norms
89
You are a project manager at your company, and you must choose the last member of your team. Which of the following people would be the least likely to social loaf?
Tran, a man from Vietnam
90
Process loss can best be defined as __________.
any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
91
According to the contingency theory of leadership, in __________ situations, the leader has good relationships with subordinates, is perceived as powerful, and directs structured and well-defined tasks.
high control
92
__________ leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward followers who meet them; __________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals.
Transactional; transformational
93
Members of the military may need to engage in behaviors, such as killing or wounding the enemy, which may go against personal moral standards such as "Thou shalt not kill." To get people to adhere to group rather than individual standards, the military acts to increase soldiers' sense of __________ when they are on the battlefield.
deindividualization
94
One reason why people may engage in social loafing in groups is that they feel __________.
less noticeable
95
When you sense a situation where there is no individual accountability, it may lead you to __________.
deindividuation and social loafing
96
Which of the following explanations for social facilitation applies to humans but NOT to cockroaches? Humans are __________.
aroused at the prospect of evaluation
97
Consider the following antisocial acts: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans; in the United States, members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) burned houses and lynched innocents; frenzied rock and roll fans trample one another, sometimes resulting in deaths. What do these situations have in common? They __________.
demonstrate the tragedies that sometimes occur when there is anonymity
98
Which of the following is NOT often positively correlated with group cohesiveness?
effective problem solving
99
When studying deindividuation in adolescents, what intervention message seemed to be the most powerful in decreasing negative behavior in these adolescents?
the warning that their parents could read their comments
100
Normally, Wanda never drinks. However, at a recent party, she is surrounded by a crowd of people who are drinking. Based on what your text says about deindividuation, Wanda is most likely to __________.
start drinking
101
The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to clean the common room, the room is not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean it. What phenomenon does this example illustrate?
social loafing
102
Group cohesiveness is defined as qualities of a group that __________.
tie members together and promote liking between members
103
According to the definition provided in your text, which of the following qualifies as a group?
an author, an illustrator, and an editor all working on a book together over the internet.
104
You are a member of a team of detectives and police investigators who are trying to solve a crime. Based on information in your text about information sharing in groups, what would be the best way for your team to discuss the crime and solve it accurately?
have each member be responsible for certain types of information
105
Members of a twelve-person jury all took slightly different notes of the testimony they heard. When they get together, everyone has written information about the physical description of the assailant, one wrote down the defendant's alibi, three people wrote details of the crime, and four other people wrote information about the credibility of the eyewitnesses. Based on how groups tend to share information (as presented in your text), which piece of information will the jury be MOST likely to spend the most time discussing?
the physical description
106
How do groups help us to define who we are?
Groups help us resolve ambiguity about the nature of our social world.
107
Deindividuation refers to the loosening of normal behavioral constrains when people find themselves in a crowd. This often leads to behaviors that are __________.
impulsive and deviant
108
According to the contingency theory of leadership, in__________ situations, the leader has poor relationships with subordinates, and directs tasks that are not clearly defined.
low-control
109
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to women and leadership?
Women are even harsher toward other women who act counter to the feminine role than men are.
110
cognitively based attitude
based primarily on peoples beliefs about the properties of an attitude object
111
affectively based attitude
based more on peoples feelings and values rather than their beliefs
112
classical conditioning
stimulis that elicits emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulis that takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus
113
operant conditioning
behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent depending on if they are followed by a reward or punishment
114
behaviorally based attitude
peoples observations of their own behavior toward an object
115
implicit attitudes
exist outside of conscious awareness
116
when and how attitudes predict deliberate behaviors
theory of planned behavior
117
when people have the time to plan and contemplate how they are going to behave, the best predictor is
their intention - composed of attitude towards specific behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control
118
attitude inoculation
making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position
119
reactance theory
when people feel their freedom to perform a behavior is threatened they perform the prohibited behavior
120
informational social influence
relying on other people as a source of information to guide our behavior
121
in high importance conditions, the participants conformed _____ to the confederates than they did in the lower importance trail
more
122
when will people conform to informational social influence?
when the situation is ambiguous, when it is a crisis, or when other people are experts
123
social impact theory
the idea that conforming to social influence depends on the group's importance, immediacy, and the # of people in the group
124
idiosyncracy credits
the tolerance a person earns over time by conforming to social norms. if a person has enough they can occasionally deviate from the group norms without retribution
125
what is the key for minority influence?
consistency
126
injunctive norm relates to
descriptive norm relates to
what most people in a culture approve of or disapprove of
what people actually do
127
boomerang effect
when someone finds out the average, but they are below the average so they then feel like they can do even more because they would still be under the avergae
128
foot in the door
getting people to first agree to a small request makes them more likely to agree to a larger request secondly.
129
door in the face
first asking people for a large request that they will probably refuse makes them more likely to accept a smaller request
130
group cohesiveness
qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them
131
social facilitation
when there is the presence of others and their performance will either be better on simple tasks or worse on complex tasks
132
social loafing
the tendency of people to relax when they are in the presence of others
133
what happens to people in social loafing?
they do better at the tasks that are important to them
they do worse at the tasks they dont care about
134
transactive memory
the combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members
135
risks of group think
members become afraid to voice their opinions because they are afraid of criticism or ruining the group's high morale.
136
group polarization
making good ideas sound better and bad ideas sound worse
all indiv. bring to the group something that the other members didnt think about before
137
social dilemma
a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, If chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone.
138
tit for tat strategy
a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial
