exam 4

Question 1

Recall that Perrett et al. (1994) created two kinds of composite faces, an “average attractive” composite and a “highly attractive” composite, using photographs of Caucasian and Japanese men and women. They then asked participants in Great Britain and Japan to rate these faces. Which of the following was NOT a finding of their study?

Answer 1

japanese and british participants differed in their assessments with people preferring faces from their own ethnicity

Question 2

Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?

Answer 2

Familiarity breeds contempt.

Question 3

Propinquity is MOST similar to which of the following?

Answer 3

physical closeness

Question 4

In studies on what people find attractive, the __________ of the face seems to be very important.

Answer 4

symmetry

Question 5

A chapel in Las Vegas frequently marries couples that have not known each other for very long. Based on the research on attachment theory, these individuals may be more likely to have a(n) __________ attachment style.

Answer 5

anxious

Question 6

Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be __________.

Answer 6

generous

Question 7

Rusbult’s (1983) research on college-age dating couples showed that rewards played a role in determining satisfaction __________ and that costs played a role __________.

Answer 7

throughout the relationship; only after the first few months

Question 8

Research by Toma and colleagues found that __________ of participants in their research provided some inaccurate information on their online dating profile

Answer 8

100%

Question 9

Researchers (Sergios & Cody, 1985) conducted a replication of the study by Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a “blind date” dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men. They found that __________.

Answer 9

gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness

Question 10

Consider the following piece of folk wisdom: “Opposites attract.” The social-psychological concept of __________ is most closely related to this truism.

Answer 10

complementarity

Question 11

Nicole and Travis have been dating for about six months. While out to dinner one night, Nicole notices a very attractive man sitting two tables over. Travis, seeing Nicole’s wandering eyes, begins to point out flaws in this other man. Travis is attempting to __________.

Answer 11

decrease Nicole’s perception of her comparison level alternatives

Question 12

Which of the following statements is NOT a pitfall of online dating as identified by the authors of your text?

Answer 12

Websites provide insufficient methods for contacting people from dating profiles that interest subscribers.

Question 13

Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he wants to make lots of new friends, he should choose the office that is located __________.

Answer 13

by the vending machines

Question 14

When Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of __________ to influence friendship patterns.

Answer 14

functional distance

Question 15

The introduction to Chapter 10 discusses some assumptions we make about men and women and relationships that are not true. Which of the following is an age-old adage that has been shown by research to be wrong?

Answer 15

opposites attract

Question 16

According to a survey presented in the text, which attachment style do most people have?

Answer 16

secure

Question 17

Research suggests that there is __________ between babies and adults, men and women, and people from several cultures as to what is considered physically attractive.

Answer 17

amazing consistency

Question 18

In a speed-dating study by Finkel and Eastwick (2009) it was shown that when women were responsible for rotating from one “date” to another, that women were __________.

Answer 18

more likely to report more chemistry with their partners and were less picky

Question 19

Distance is to __________ as familiarity is to __________.

Answer 19

the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect

Question 20

Although equity theory suggests that both partners who are overbenefited and underbenefited feel uncomfortable, the partner who is __________ is more likely to perceive inequality as a problem.

Answer 20

underbenefited

Question 21

According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, a relationship that is based on commitment alone results in __________.

Answer 21

empty love

Question 22

Moreland and Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. She attended some classes a few times and other classes many more times. In keeping with the research on the mere exposure effect presented in the text, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, when would they have liked her best? When she had __________.

Answer 22

attended more classes

Question 23

Researchers used computer graphics to generate composite faces that reflected the exact mathematical average of the facial features of a large number of individual photographs. They then asked participants to rate the attractiveness of the composite photograph and the individual photographs that were combined to make up the composite. These researchers found that __________.

Answer 23

participants preferred the composite photo to the individual photos

Question 24

In her investment model of close relationships, what does Rusbult (1983) define as an investment

Answer 24

any inputs in the relationship would be lost if one left the relationship

Question 25

When Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of __________ to influence friendship patterns.

Answer 25

functional distance

Question 26

Self-expansion refers to a desire to __________.

Answer 26

overlap or blend with another person, so that you have access to that person's knowledge, insights, and experience

Question 27

Recall that Boyden and his colleagues (1984) found that gay men who were stereotypically masculine desired a partner who was most of all logical, and that gay men who were stereotypically feminine desired a partner who was most of all expressive. These findings support the role of __________ to influence attraction.

Answer 27

similarity

Question 28

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is NOT considered a major component of love?

Answer 28

honesty

Question 29

Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that __________.

Answer 29

Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable.

Question 30

Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people __________.

Answer 30

who lived closer to them

Question 31

Which of the following is most likely to be inaccurate in an online dating profile, according to Toma, Hancock, and Ellison (2008)?

Answer 31

weight

Question 32

__________ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners.

Answer 32

Equity

Question 33

Evolutionarily speaking, one reason that people prefer the familiar over that which is unfamiliar is that __________.

Answer 33

unfamiliar things can be potentially dangerous

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary service of an online dating website?

Answer 34

matching users based on analysis of compatibility

Question 35

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. They found that __________ students were likely to associate attractiveness with __________.

Answer 35

all; friendliness

Question 36

Creators of deceptive online dating profiles tend to distance themselves psychologically from the lies and exaggerations they write. This results in their profiles __________.

Answer 36

using fewer first person pronouns

Question 37

The over justification effect suggests that providing __________ for volunteering or community service can undermine __________.

Answer 37

excessive reward; an intrinsic motivation to help

Question 38

Given empirical support for the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), all things being equal, you would be more likely to get needed assistance were you to have a heart attack __________.

Answer 38

when having a conversation with one other person

Question 39

The altruistic personality refers to __________.

Answer 39

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

Question 40

Receiving help can lower a person's self-esteem when the __________.

Answer 40

helper's demonstration of superior skill leads the recipient to feel incompetent

Question 41

Researchers staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that __________.

Answer 41

people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas

Question 42

Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because "trust" and "being neighborly" are more valued in rural than in urban settings. Were this true, who would be most likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?

Answer 42

Tammie, who is visiting Chicago from a small town in Vermont

Question 43

You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night. Before handing over the keys, he asks in jest, "What's in it for me?" His question best reflects __________ as applied to prosocial behavior.

Answer 43

social exchange theory

Question 44

Why would gratitude evolve in a social group?

Answer 44

to motivate us to return help we have received from others

Question 45

Using the Bystander Intervention Decision Tree of the decisions bystanders make before helping (or not helping) in an emergency, which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the model?

Answer 45

altruism

Question 46

A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory. According to this theory, we will be most likely to help others __________.

Answer 46

when the benefits outweigh the costs

Question 47

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. __________ is more likely to stop to help her out because __________.

Answer 47

A man; the situation calls for an act of chivalry

Question 48

You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause. If you wanted to use the "feel bad; do good" idea to persuade her to help, you would __________.

Answer 48

remind her of the last time she let you down, then ask her to help

Question 49

Julia, who forgot to return her best friend's library books for her, may feel guilty. When someone is a nickel short of bus fare, Julia __________.

Answer 49

will give the stranger a nickel to alleviate her guilt

Question 50

Of the following people, who would be most likely to be found working at the local food bank?

Answer 50

Jessica, a 20-year-old student

Question 51

Pluralistic ignorance is to __________ as diffusion of responsibility is to __________.

Answer 51

interpretation; personal obligation

Question 52

Researchers (Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994) found that when participants imagined a house fire, they were more likely to help some people than other people. Based on these researchers' findings, it seems that in life-and-death situations, __________.

Answer 52

biological relatives are more likely to be helped than are nonrelatives

Question 53

The authors of your text offer three main motives as to why people help others. Which of the following is NOT one of those motives?

Answer 53

cognitive dissonance

Question 54

In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that __________.

Answer 54

Over millennia, the genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive.

Question 55

In the grocery store one evening, Yolanda is in a good mood after earning a promotion at work, but Trudy is feeling quite guilty for stealing office supplies from work. When another shopper collapses on the ground unconscious, Yolanda would be likely to help according to the __________, while Trudy would be likely to help according to the __________.

Answer 55

feel good, do good effect; feel bad, do good effect

Question 56

The concept of __________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

Answer 56

pluralistic ignorance

Question 57

Mayling is approached by a homeless person on the street and asked for some change. Mayling has been struggling to make ends meet and decides that she can't afford to give money to the homeless person right now. What theory BEST explains her choice?

Answer 57

social exchange

Question 58

Recall that the introduction to Chapter 11 (Prosocial Behavior) began with a description of several of the citizen-heroes of September 11, 2001-for example William Wik, who refused to flee to personal safety because there were still people to be rescued. He died when a tower collapsed. Wik was willing to sacrifice his own life to save others, and his behavior could thus best be described as __________.

Answer 58

altruistic

Question 59

Pluralistic ignorance results when __________ backfires.

Answer 59

informational influence

Question 60

Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam. He's in a great mood, and thinks to himself, "School's going well; my relationship with Carrie is going great. It's a wonderful world!" On the way out of the building, he finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian, so he hurries over to help the fallen person. This example best illustrates which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping?

Answer 60

we are motivated to prolong our good moods and helping does that

Question 61

Your text offers several challenges that evolutionary psychology has not been able to address. Which of the following would also challenge evolutionary rationales for helping behavior?

Answer 61

Susan runs out into a busy freeway to save a wounded animal.

Question 62

The authors of your text tell a story about Abraham Lincoln in which Lincoln ordered a coach to stop so he could save some piglets from drowning. Lincoln claimed that he helped because "I should have had no peace of mind all day had I gone on and left that suffering old sow worrying over those pigs." Lincoln argued that he was helping because of __________.

Answer 62

self-interest

Question 63

While waiting for a bus, witnesses hear a man growing increasingly frantic as he cries, "My nitro tablets. Where are my nitro pills? I can't find my nitro tablets, and I'm having a heart attack!" He collapses to the ground, clutching his chest. Everyone knows that it is a medical emergency. In this situation, who is most likely to help?

Answer 63

James, who has recently completed a CPR course

Question 64

In a group setting, one member could take advantage of the help that he/she receives from the other group members, thereby exploiting the reciprocity norm to his/her advantage. Some researchers believe that, instead, __________ evolved.

Answer 64

gratitude

Question 65

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. __________ best explains why this is so.

Answer 65

Informational social influence

Question 66

Feeling sad and guilty has a tendency to __________ good, helping behaviors.

Answer 66

increase

Question 67

Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991)?

Answer 67

"Walk a mile in my shoes."

Question 68

Researchers (Isen & Levin, 1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that __________.

Answer 68

finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping

Question 69

People who have lived in the same place for a long time are ___________ likely to help with needs.

Answer 69

more

Question 70

The idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as ___________.

Answer 70

kin selection

Question 71

When Jillian (a widow) hears about another woman in her community who just lost her husband, she immediately plans to go visit this other widow because she thinks, "Who better than I, can understand what she is feeling?" This is an example of __________.

Answer 71

empathy-altruism

Question 72

Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the BEST explanation as to why George did not help?

Answer 72

social exchange

Question 73

Evolutionary psychologists believe that people help others because __________.

Answer 73

it has become engrained in our genes

Question 74

According to research presented by the authors of your text, in which of the following cities would you be the most likely to be helped if you needed help crossing a busy street?

Answer 74

rio de janeriro, brazil

Question 75

Nisbett (1993) has conducted research pointing to regional differences in the propensity to aggress. Based on his findings, which of the men below would be more likely to beat up another man who called his wife "ugly"?

Answer 75

ted, who lives in texas

Question 76

Todd is still feeling angry about something Jeff did to him 10 years ago. Jeff has since moved away and is unavailable for a meeting to talk it out. What would you suggest Todd do to resolve his anger?

Answer 76

look at the event from a third person perspective

Question 77

Hostile is to __________as instrumental is to __________.

Answer 77

physical or emotional pain; reaching a goal

Question 78

Who is most likely to be aggressive?

Answer 78

a female from Australia

Question 79

Recall that Feshbach and Feshbach (2009) implemented a thirty-hour program in the Los Angeles schools designed to teach students empathy and perspective-taking skills. Which of the following behavior and characteristics were NOT improved through this program?

Answer 79

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 80

In romantic relationships, a study of nearly 500 first-year American college women reported that they were __________ likely to hit, slap, and throw objects as their boyfriends.

Answer 80

equally

Question 81

Violent video games seem to have a stronger influence on behavior because of which of the following?

Answer 81

Games reward violence.

Question 82

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993). A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression. For example, frustration is accentuated when we __________.

Answer 82

are close to our intended goal

Question 83

Chip and Dale get into a bitter fight over who owes what for their large phone bill. Chip is frustrated that Dale won't see his side of the argument. Which of the following will increase the odds that Chip will resort to physical aggression against Dale? Dale __________.

Answer 83

pulls out his checkbook, but then refuses to write the check to Chip

Question 84

Bushman and his colleagues (2007) found that the more respected a person or institution is, the greater their influence as a role model for aggression. They found this effect holds for __________.

Answer 84

nonreligious and religious people

Question 85

Researchers (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1941) frustrated some children in a study by making them view attractive toys that were kept out of their reach. Based on research presented in the chapter, what is most likely to happen when they did allow the children to play with the toys? They found that these frustrated children were more likely to __________.

Answer 85

act aggressively with the toys

Question 86

The 2013-2014 bullying prevention program in New Jersey used "anticonflict intervention groups as part of their program. The role of these groups was to __________.

Answer 86

design anti-bullying campaigns for implementation in their schools

Question 87

A study presented in the text demonstrated that when participants were first "accidentally" bumped, then called a disrespectful name, northerners tended to react __________ southerners.

Answer 87

less aggressively than

Question 88

According to Nisbett (1993), a(n) __________ is characteristic of regions where inhabitants evolved from herding societies, and thus __________.

Answer 88

culture of honor; some forms of aggression are more common

Question 89

The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony, while European history consists of one war after the other. Formerly peace-loving, the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century. These examples illustrate that __________.

Answer 89

in humans, innate behavioral patterns-including aggression-are infinitely malleable and modifiable

Question 90

According to research on the effects of apologies in reducing later aggression, which of the following statements is true about the effects of apologies? Apologies __________.

Answer 90

that are sincere and include an explanation are the most effective of all

Question 91

__________ theory can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm.

Answer 91

Cognitive dissonance

Question 92

Researchers have found that humans kill members of their own kind at __________ rate __________.

Answer 92

the same; than chimpanzees

Question 93

In explaining the race riots of 1967 and 1968, Reverend Jesse Jackson noted that the riots occurred "in the middle of rising expectations and the increased, though inadequate, social spending." His analysis best reflects __________ as a source of aggression.

Answer 93

thwarted expectations

Question 94

Extrapolating from the research on relational aggression, which of the following would be the best thing a parent could teach a young girl?

Answer 94

Have a thick skin about what other people think, and work on developing a few good friends.

Question 95

Extrapolating from the research on relational aggression, which of the following would be the best thing a parent could teach a young girl?

Answer 95

Have a thick skin about what other people think, and work on developing a few good friends.

Question 96

How does female-dominated society lead bonobos to deal with conflict?

Answer 96

They diffuse tension by having sex.

Question 97

The goal of __________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of __________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

Answer 97

The goal of __________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of __________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

Question 98

Well-controlled laboratory experiments and field studies (e.g., McDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996) have revealed that alcohol consumption contributes to aggression by __________.

Answer 98

disrupting the way we process information

Question 99

An increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon is known as the ___________.

Answer 99

weapons effect

Question 100

Researchers have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men __________, suggesting a __________ contribution to aggression in humans.

Answer 100

convicted of violent crimes; biological

Question 101

Research by Patterson (1974) found that high school football players were more competitive and aggressive in __________ than __________ weeks, thereby contradicting the predictions of the supporters of catharsis.

Answer 101

later; earlier

Question 102

You've arrived half an hour late to pick up a friend. She was scheduled to take an examination, and even if you speed on the way to the university, she will now lose at least twenty minutes of the time she needs to complete the exam. According to the authors, what is the best thing to say when you arrive?

Answer 102

its all my fault I slept in

Question 103

A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child by the hair and screams at her. After seeing the cartoon, the little girl acts out this same interaction with her doll. This is an example of __________.

Answer 103

social-cognitive learning

Question 104

A study presented in the text demonstrated that when participants were first "accidentally" bumped, then called a disrespectful name, northerners tended to react __________ southerners.

Answer 104

less aggressively than

Question 105

Social-psychological research has revealed that exposure to televised violence might weaken viewers' inhibitions about using violence in their own lives. If Peter is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent cops-and-robbers show?

Answer 105

"If they can get away with it, so can I."

Question 106

Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing. According to frustration-aggression theory, what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to aggressive behavior?

Answer 106

The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit.

Question 107

According to research on the effects of apologies in reducing later aggression, which of the following statements is true about the effects of apologies? Apologies __________.

Answer 107

that are sincere and include an explanation are the most effective of all

Question 108

Based on research presented in the text, who would likely have the highest salary on the professional hockey team?

Answer 108

Mark, who is very aggressive and who has spent the most time in the penalty box this year

Question 109

Scientists wanting to understand sex differences in aggression will need to study the way __________ relate to aggression.

Answer 109

testosterone and estradiol

Question 110

Which of the following is NOT a viable explanation for why watching violence on television is correlated with aggressive behavior, according to social-psychological research?

Answer 110

Television encourages the catharsis of aggressive impulses.

Question 111

Gary, a northern male who has a reputation for violence, has been drinking with his friends. Stan approaches Gary and insults his girlfriend. Gary and Stan get into a fistfight. Which of the following best explains why Gary and Stan began to fight? Research suggests that __________.

Answer 111

alcohol lowers our social inhibitions and allows us to act impulsively

Question 112

Which of the following is true about whether or not punishing aggression reduces aggressive behavior?

Answer 112

Punishment fails because it tells the target what not to do, but doesn't tell them what they should do instead.