exam 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
hamilton and grifford
A
the most rare/least frequent is more memorable so more availability
2
Q
self fulfilling prophecy
A
behave in ways that cause behavioral confirmation of our stereotypes - our behavior often brings out the ideas we have of other people
3
Q
cooperation ______ prejudice
A
decreases
4
Q
competition ______ prejudice
A
increases
5
Q
realistic group conflict
A
limited resources - increase competition - increase prejudice
6
Q
hostile vs. benevolent sexism
A
benevolent is more subtle and is shown as positive
7
Q
The authors of your text describe Masako Owada’s decision to give up her career and marry the crown prince of Japan. Many Americans viewed her decision as the result of coercion and sexism. How do many Japanese view her decision?
A
as a natural consequence of being connected and obligated to others
8
Q
According to self-perception theory, we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by __________.
A
observing our own behaviors just as we observe others behaviors
9
Q
If you were to design a program using rewards to increase motivation, what type of rewards would it be best to use, according to the authors of your text?
A
performance contingent
10
Q
Which of the following is NOT a way that people escape aversive self-awareness?
A
getting drunk
11
Q
__________ refers to the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it, not because we expect external rewards.
A
Intrinsic motivation
12
Q
One of the chief executive functions of the __________ is making choices about what to do.
A
self
13
Q
Attempting to get others to see you as you want to be seen is the definition of __________.
A
impression management
14
Q
Which of the following is using a behavioral self-handicapping strategy?
A
eljin who pulled an all nighter before the exam
15
Q
Carl experiences sweaty palms, a racing heart beat, and butterflies in his stomach. As he scans the dark alley he is walking down, he hears an angry, growling dog approaching. Carl immediately labels what he is feeling as fear. This is a correct interpretation according to the __________.
A
two-factor theory of emotion
16
Q
Of the following examples, who is LEAST likely to be successful in implementing self-control?
A
Kim, who is wanting to diet but has decided that just facing whatever temptations come along is better than making a plan
17
Q
Pablo had always gotten much satisfaction out of caring for his brothers and sisters when they were sick. A few months ago, Pablo’s father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse’s aide so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed. Now that Pablo has been working at the hospital for a while, he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job. One reason for Pablo’s attitude change may be that the job has undermined his __________ for helping others.
A
intrinsic motivation
18
Q
According to the authors of your text, the overjustification effect is the tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by something __________.
A
extrinsic, thus undermining their intrinsic motivation
19
Q
One of the limitations of using introspection as a source of information about the self is that __________.
A
some reasons for our behaviors are outside of our conscious awareness
20
Q
Self-handicapping is used to avoid __________ attributions for our behavior.
A
internal
21
Q
Which of the following is using a reported self-handicapping strategy?
A
chrislyn, who complains of test anxiety when test is being handed out
22
Q
According to the tenets of self-perception theory, which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of Late Show with David Letterman?
A
Andre whos hands hurt from clapping so much
23
Q
Reading programs that are intended to encourage children to read more by paying them to read books is an example of using __________.
A
task-contingent rewards
24
Q
Complete the following analogy: “practice makes perfect” is to __________ as “born leader” is to __________.
A
growth mindset; fixed mindset
25
In Japan, you can rent fake guests for a wedding, a fake audience for a public lecture, and fake mourners for a funeral. These "convenience agencies" (benriya) exist because __________.
the Japanese are very concerned with avoiding the public embarrassment of not having "enough" attendees at social events
26
If you are using the misattribution of arousal principle to plan a first date, and you really want your partner to be attracted to you, which of the following activities would you choose?
Ride the roller coasters at an amusement park
27
The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by our culture. People who tend to have an independent view of the self are likely from __________ cultures, whereas __________ cultures are more likely to have an interdependent view of the self.
Western; non-Western
28
When Jessie sits down for the first day of class, the person next to him, Blake, is wearing a "Free Tibet" shirt. After a few minutes of talking, Jessie realizes that he likes Blake. Which of the following is most likely to happen based on the idea of social tuning?
Jessie may unconsciously alter his attitude to agree that Tibet should be freed.
29
`Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison?
toni who reads a famous writer to compare her writing
30
Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair. I have two sisters. I hate vegetables, but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical __________.
eight-year-old child
31
Researchers randomly assigned participants to pray or not before doing a task that required a lot of energy. The group that prayed __________.
were better able to suppress their emotions as part of the second experimental task
32
According to the authors of your text, which of the following is considered crucial to the development of the self-concept?
Social contact
33
Whereas Americans have the proverb "The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states, "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures __________.
have a more interdependent concept of self than do Americans
34
Schachter's (1964) two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience __________ and then subsequently seek to __________.
physiological arousal; label the emotion appropriately
35
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about self-awareness?
people always find self focus aversive
36
According to research by Dweck, a __________ is more likely to promote success both athletically and academically.
growth mindset
37
If you use a self-handicapping strategy and still do well at a task, what is the most likely outcome?
You will be seen as even more capable of the task than before.
38
Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes or feelings aren't clear, we often infer them by observing __________.
our own behavior
39
While completing a personality test, Craig comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted. Craig reflects on some of his recent behavior. He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties, he must be shy and introverted. Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Craig using?
Self-perception
40
According to research on the overjustification effect, why would high course grades be very UNLIKELY to undermine intrinsic motivation to learn?
Grades are based on course performance.
41
Intrinsic motivation is to __________ as extrinsic motivation is to __________.
internal attribution; external attribution
42
According to the text, self-perception theory is most closely related to which other theory in social psychology?
attribution theory
43
According to the authors of your text, every time we make a decision, we experience some amount of dissonance. Why?
The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive.
44
According to research presented in the text, students shot a roll of film and printed two photographs. Some were told that they could exchange the one they chose to keep within five days, but others were told that their choice was final. What was the dependent variable of this experiment?
how much they like the photos
45
Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task they had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Further assume that you were paid a large amount of money to tell the stranger that lie. In this situation, you would be most likely to __________.
maintain your original assessment of the task as dull and boring
46
Recall that Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. Women tended to rate the alternatives they rejected lower than they had originally, and to rate their chosen appliance more positively. These results suggest that people __________.
reduce dissonance by overestimating differences between chosen and unchosen alternatives
47
People are unlikely to change their attitudes after saying something they don't truly believe if there is __________ for the lie.
external justification
48
According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors?
Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behavior change
49
In which case is lowballing LEAST likely to work?
jared is lowballed before he writes the check for his car
50
Imagine that you have just moved into a house with four other people. One of your housemates, Tony, doesn't seem to like you all that much. If you were to make use of the Ben Franklin effect, what can you do to increase Tony's liking for you?
Ask Tony if he could give you a ride to the grocery store
51
If you wanted to make use of the concept of insufficient punishment, how would you discipline your child when she's misbehaving? Give the child a stern look and tell her __________.
nothing else if she stops the forbidden behavior
52
In a variation of the "forbidden toy" experiment by Aronson and Carlsmith (1963), another researcher issued mild and severe threats to prevent children from playing with a very attractive toy. Several weeks later, a woman came to the school, allegedly to administer tests to the children. When she left the room to score the tests, children were left alone with the same attractive toy and other less attractive toys. Almost 80 percent of the children who were issued severe threats by the researcher played with the attractive toy; only 30 percent of those children issued mild threats succumbed to temptation. This experiment is noteworthy because it demonstrated that __________.
attempts to reduce dissonance yield long-lasting attitude and behavior change
53
__________ refers to the tendency of people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.
Group of answer choices
justification of effort
54
What are the implications of the research on dehumanizing enemies in war?
People who perform acts of cruelty have long term consequences
55
According to Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance theory, which of the following is not a condition that must be met for a person to feel dissonance in a relationship with someone else?
Your friend often reminds you they are better than you at the task.
56
According to your text, how did gay men resolve their dissonance when two central aspects of their identities conflicted? As a reminder, these were gay men who strongly identified with their Christian churches and whose ministers made anti-gay pronouncements. If they decided to stay with their church, how did they respond?
Group of answer choices
They blamed the minister but kept going to the same church.
57
The authors of your text provide the example of the most recent war in Iraq to demonstrate the dangers of what can happen when political leaders __________.
are caught up in a cycle of self-justification
58
Willow's mother took away her television privileges as punishment for missing her curfew, when the punishment could have been much more severe, such as being grounded for a week and losing access to her cell phone. Why is Willow's mother using insufficient punishment, according to dissonance theory?
So that there is insufficient external justification for missing curfew again and Willow will begin to devalue the forbidden activity
59
You've recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would most likely __________.
question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists
60
Self-esteem refers to people's evaluations of their own __________
self-worth
61
__________ is to dissonance-induced attitude change as __________ is to no attitude change.
internal justification ; Counterattitudinal advocacy
62
A mother is trying to get her child to behave in the store and to stop running around, yelling, and grabbing things off the shelves. According to cognitive dissonance theory, if she wants to stop the child's behavior immediately for the time being, she should use a __________, but if she wants to more permanently change the behavior, she should use a __________.
large punishment; small punishment
63
As you and your friends return home and meet up for the first time since high school, you find that you've all taken different paths in life. Based on cognitive dissonance and the principle of justification of effort, who would be the LEAST satisfied with what he or she is currently doing?
Group of answer choices
Fiona, who is going to a local college with a loose admissions policy, and whose parents are paying her way
64
According to the authors of your text, threats of severe punishment ultimately teach people __________.
to avoid getting caught
65
The Ben Franklin effect is named for an incident in which Ben Franklin __________.
asked a favor of someone who had treated him coldly, gaining an ally
66
Social psychologists had African American students do carefully constructed self-affirming writing assignments regarding their good qualities outside of school. How did this activity affect these students?
They had higher self-esteem and improvement in their academic performance.
67
Because they provide the potential offender __________, threats of harsh punishment seldom produce positive attitude change.
ample external justification for restraint
68
In a research study by Steele, he replicated Brehm's earlier study on postdecision dissonance reduction. In Steele's study, students were asked to rate albums, and were then given their fifth- or sixth-ranked album. After making their choice, they were asked to rate the albums again. The students __________ the one they rejected.
rated the album they selected as higher than
69
Who is more likely to dehumanize the enemy in order to deal with cognitive dissonance they are experiencing?
victor who threw a grenade into a market
70
Based on information provided by your text, external justification is to __________ as internal justification is to __________.
temporary change; lasting change
71
According to the authors of your text, what is one way people can begin to learn from their mistakes?
by recognizing the tendency to justify our actions
72
The term __________ refers to a practice whereby a salesperson initially accepts a customer's offer, but then claims an error and quotes the customer a higher price.
low balling
73
Petar and Nikolas love the house that they just toured. It is a short sale for $180,000, which is a great price. They are very excited and want to put in an offer. After they begin the paperwork, their realtor tells them that the price does not include the fixtures or the appliances. Those will likely cost an extra $20,000. What tactic is the realtor using?
low balling
74
Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task they had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Further assume that you were paid a large amount of money to tell the stranger that lie. In this situation, you would be most likely to __________.
maintain your original thought of it being boring
75
When someone dehumanizes a victim and successfully reduces dissonance in this way, this is likely to lead to __________.
a continuation or escalation of cruelty
76
If a person goes through a demanding process involving lots of effort and hard work to achieve a goal, what would cognitive dissonance suggest that person will think about the experience afterwards?
"going through all of that effort was worth it!"
77
Researchers (Knox & Inkster, 1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses, both before and after they had placed their bets. They found that people who __________ were more confident in their betting decisions because __________.
had already placed their bets; they couldn't change their minds
78
"Live fast and die young, that's what I always say," Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding-Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is __________.
adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior
79
According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act?
mark who was tempted to lie but told the truth instead
80
A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should __________.
have known her date better
81
A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group is known as __________.
stereotype
82
__________ characterize(s) a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal important to each group.
interdependence
83
In the jigsaw classroom technique, __________.
lessons are structured so students' only access to most of the information they will be tested on is from other students
84
According to Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) model, people struggle with their urge to express prejudice and their ___________.
need to maintain a positive self view and not be a bigot
85
Gordon Allport wrote that "defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally." What did he mean by that statement?
Deep-seated negative feelings may persist, even when a person knows consciously that a prejudice is wrong.
86
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is known as _______.
ethnocentrism
87
According to your text, why does developing the ability to understand what another person is going through decrease prejudice?
it opens our heart to people
88
Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
laura scoots a few feet away when a black person sits next to her
89
Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering. Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive?
it is a gross overgeneralization
90
Some psychological scientists question the interpretations of the Implicit Association Test. Rather than revealing implicit bias, what else might the test be revealing?
cultural stereotypes or associations
91
__________ may be an even more powerful reason for discrimination than outright prejudice and hostility, according to Greenwald and Pettigrew (2014).
in-group bias
92
Ken needs help with his algebra homework. He looks around the room at his new roommates and blurts out, "Hiro, you're good at math, right? You can help me with my homework." Because Hiro is Japanese American, Ken assumes he's good at math. This represents a(n) __________.
microaggression
93
If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes. This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through __________.
the media
94
Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his __________ about polygamy.
prejudice
95
People who believe in a just world will make a ____________ attribution for the person's behavior rather than a __________ attribution.
dispositional; situational
96
Gordon Allport described stereotyping as "the law of __________."
least effort
97
The extent to which children can develop the ability to see the world from the perspective of __________, there will be profound implications on empathy, generosity, and learning to get along with others.
any other human being
98
In a typical classroom, informal contact between students is often called "talking to your neighbor" and is discouraged. This violates which precondition for the reduction of prejudice and hostility between students? Contact must occur in __________.
a friendly setting where group members can communicate one on one with each other
99
__________ is to affect as __________ is to cognition.
prejudice; stereotype
100
Researchers provided college student participants with a description of a woman's friendly behavior. In addition, some participants were told that the woman was raped by the man, whereas others were provided no such information. When participants judged the appropriateness of the woman's behavior, __________.
participants in the "rape" condition judged the woman's behavior as inappropriate
101
Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a __________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a __________ stereotype about a particular group.
negative; positive
102
Chris is very concerned because her Implicit Association Test (IAT) results show that she responded more slowly when fat faces were paired with positive words. She's concerned that this represents that she is implicitly biased against fat people. What might some psychological scientists tell her to make her feel better?
The IAT may reveal cultural stereotypes and not personal stereotypes.
103
Walter Stephan (1978) conducted a careful study of the effects of school desegregation. Contrary to results found in the study of the desegregation of housing projects, Stephan found that __________.
racial attitudes did not improve and minority self esteem decreased
104
Currently, research on the link between the IAT and actual behavior has shown __________.
some correlation between IAT scores and actual behavior
105
"Like them better." "Give more rewards to them." "Believe they are more pleasant." All these describe __________.
in-group members
106
As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his White counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. LaMonte is experiencing __________.
social identity threat
107
Esmerelda just watched her football team from her university win the division championship. Based on the work of Cialdini, what is most likely to happen?
Esmerelda will wear a hoodie with her schools name on it on monday to class
108
Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) counted the number of college insignia T-shirts worn by university students on the Monday after their teams played football. These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses. These findings suggest that __________.
in-group identification is a source pride and self-esteem
109
Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they __________.
are overgeneralized to members of a group
110
If Julie identifies herself as a woman, a mother, and a teacher, who would NOT be another in-group member for her?
Bill, an accountant
111
Which of the following is NOT a microaggression?
locking the car door when getting out at home
112
_________ is to personal attribution for misfortune as __________ is to situational attribution for misfortune.
victim blame; empathy
113
__________ are practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other targets of societal or company prejudice.
Institutional discrimination
114
Katie is a baby who is 5 months old. Her father is Asian, and her mother is Hispanic. Which of the following is true regarding her preference for facial characteristics?
Katie likes looking at both Asian and Hispanic faces.
115
Which of the following people is most likely to experience social identity threat?
an African-American student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
116
A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of __________.
the law of least effort
117
An in-group is a group with which individuals __________.
identity
118
Julius is African American and Mike is White; both are basketball players for high-school teams. They both score the same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws. According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall?
Julius
