1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
the study of small living things
2
Q
What is the working definition of microbiology?
A
the study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided eye (200,000 nm)
3
Q
What is bacteriology?
A
study of prokaryotes
4
Q
What is mycology?
A
study of fungi
5
Q
What is phycology?
A
study of algae
6
Q
What is protozoology?
A
study of protozoa
7
Q
What is virology?
A
study of viruses
8
Q
What is immunology?
A
study of the immune system
9
Q
What is parasitology?
A
study of parasites and their hosts
10
Q
What is important about Robert Hooke?
A
he was the first to see microbes
11
Q
What is important about Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
A
he was the first person to accurately describe living microbes
12
Q
What is abiogenesis?
A
life rapidly appears from non-living things
13
Q
Who discovered endospores?
A
Ferdinand Cohn
14
Q
Who used phenol as an antiseptic?
A
Joseph Lister
15
Q
What are Koch’s postulates?
A
- The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
- The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
16
Q
Who began systematically classifying living things?
A
Carl von Linne
17
Q
What are the three domains?
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
18
Q
What is refraction?
A
the bending of light
19
Q
Are faster or shorter wavelengths better for resolution?
A
shorter
20
Q
What are some of the advantages to being small?
A
- more surface area relative to cell volume
- grows faster
21
Q
What are cell membranes made of?
A
phospholipids and proteins
22
Q
What does phospholipid consist of?
A
glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group
23
Q
What does the cell membrane do?
A
supports, secretes, communicates, and ion transport
24
Q
How do molecules get across the cell membrane?
A
diffusion and osmosis
25
What are the reinforcing agents of the membrane in eukaryotes?
sterols (cholesterol and ergosterol)
26
What are the reinforcing agents of the membrane in bacteria?
hopanoids or hopanes
27
What is the total size of a prokaryote ribosome?
70s (30 + 50)
28
What are thylakoids?
extensively folded intracellular membranes
29
What are carboxysomes?
polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation
30
What do gas vesicles do?
increase buoyancy
31
What shape is FtsZ?
forms a Z ring for septum placement
32
What shape is MreB?
forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells
33
What shape is CreS?
forms a polymer along the inner side of a crescent-shaped bacteria
34
What polymers make up the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls?
NAG & NAM in alternate chains
35
Does Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria have a thick cell wall?
Gram-positive
36
Which bacteria are lipoteichoic acids found in, Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
Gram-positive to anchor the wall to the membrane
37
What are mycobacterial cell envelopes made of?
mycolic acids and arabinogalactans
38
Which bacteria is lipopolysaccharide found in, Gram-positive or Gram-negative?
Gram-negative only
39
What makes up a lipopolysaccharide?
Lipid A, Core, and O-Antigen
40
Where is the flagella on a lophotrichous bacteria?
a bunch at one end
41
Where is the flagella on a amphitrichous bacteria?
one on both ends
42
What are axial filaments?
Special flagella (endoflagella) found only in spirochetes that are in the periplasm
43
What is chemotaxis?
the movement of a bacterium in response to chemical gradients
44
What are stalks used for in cell attachment?
to attach to cell surfaces
45
What are sex pili used for in cell attachment?
horizontal gene transfer
46
What are capsules made of?
carbohydrates
47
What are examples of Gram-positive bacteria?
staphylococcus, streptococcus, and listeria
48
What are examples of lactobacillales?
lactobacillus and streptococcus
49
What are examples of nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales?
listeria and staphylococcus
50
What are examples of sporulating bacillales and clostridiales?
bacillus and clostridum
51
What are examples of Gram-positive endospores
clostridum and bacillus
52
What is an example of sporulating bacillales and clostridiales?
bacillus
53
What does clostridium cause?
tetanus, botulism, gangrene
54
What are examples of actinobacteria?
corynebacterium and mycobacterium
55
What are examples of gram-positive actinobacteria?
arthrospores and streptomyces
56
What group of bacteria is the largest?
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
57
What are examples of Alpha Proteobacteria?
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rickettsias
58
What are examples of Beta Proteobacteria?
Nitrosomonas and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
59
What is an example of enteric gamma proteobacteria?
Escherichia coli
60
What are examples of Delta Proteobacteria?
M. xanthus and B. Bacteriovorus
61
What is an example of Epsilon Proteobacteria?
Helicobacter pylori
62
What is the infectious form of Chlamydiae?
elementary body
63
What are akinetes?
specialized spore cells
64
What is Chloroflexi?
green nonsulfur bacteria
65
What are chlorosomes?
chlorophyll containing structures that are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
66
What are the bonds that hold together archaeal lipids?
ether links
67
How are archaea similar to bacteria?
circular genone, have operons, and similarities to eukaryotes
68
How are archaea similar to eukaryotes?
introns, RNA Polymerase has TBP, TFB, and has proteins similar to histones
69
What makes up the cell wall of Archaea?
pseudopeptidoglycan make of NAG and NAT (not NAM)
70
What lipid does crenarchaeota have?
crenarchaeol
71
What is the upper temperature limit for microbial life?
140-150C
72
What adaptations help protein folding and thermostability?
highly hydrophobic cores and increased ionic interactions
73
What do chaperones do?
refold partially denatured proteins
74
What is a thermosome?
a major chaperonin protein complex in Pyrodictium
75
What adaptations help DNA stability at high temperatures?
high intracellular solute levels, positive supercoils, polyamines, histones
76
What adaptations help lipid stability at high temperatures?
tetraether lipids and rRNA stability
77
What do nitrosopumilales do?
oxidize ammonia and fix CO2
78
What does bacteriorhodopsin do?
pumps out H+
79
What does halorhodopsin do?
pumps in Cl-
80
What do Archaeoglobales do?
oxidize acetate to CO2
81
What are histones?
proteins that DNA wraps around
82
What happens in the smooth ER?
lipid metabolism and detox reactions
83
What happens in the rough ER?
protein synthesis
84
How big is a eukaryote ribosome?
80s (40s+60s)
85
What makes up eukaryote cytoskeleton?
actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
86
What are vacuoles?
lipid-enclosed space
87
What are eukaryote capsules?
polymeric sugars
88
What does opisthokonts include?
animals and fungi
89
What does viridiplantae include?
algae and plants
90
What are fungi cell walls made of?
chitin
91
What is an example of zygomycetes?
Rhizopus "bread mold"
92
What is a haploid zygomycetes called?
sporangiospores
93
What is a dipliod zygomycetes called?
zygospores
94
What are examples of ascomycetes?
penicillium and morels
95
What are examples of basidomycetes?
mushrooms and cryptococcus
96
What are algae cell walls made of?
glycoprotein or cellulose
97
What does a pyrenoid do in algae?
concentrates CO2 for fixation
98
What are secondary endosymbionts?
algae engulfed by a protist
99
What are radiolarians?
Radiolarians are tiny, animal-like, glassy silica-based organisms that look pointed.
100
What are foraminiferans?
amoebas with shells made of calcium carbonate
101
What is a virus?
a non living cell
102
What is a capsid?
protein coat surrounding a virus
103
How big are viruses?
20-200nm
104
What are icosahedral capsids?
20 triangular capsids
105
What are filamentous capsids?
long tube of protein with genome inside
106
What are complex capsids?
mixture of icosahedral and filamentous shapes
107
What are envelopes made of?
lipids
108
What is a bacteriophage life cycle?
attach, inject, replicate, synthesize, assemble, lyse (AIRSAL)
109
What is the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?
the phage quickly replicates and kills the host cell
110
What RNA can be used as mRNA in viruses?
(+)ssRNA
111
What are viroids?
naked RNA
112
What are prions?
defectively folded host protein
Microbio
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