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Microbio > Exam 1 pt2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 pt2 Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following is/are characteristic of all cellular organisms?

A

evolution

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2
Q

The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium_____
which produces heat-resistant structures known as ____

A

Bacillus anthracis / endospores

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3
Q

Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of

A

Robert Koch

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4
Q

Microorganisms are significant contributors to

A

the total biomass on Earth

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5
Q

Microbial biochemistry most specifically involves the discovery of microbial ________ and the ________ they perform.

A

biomolecules / functions

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6
Q

Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya contain, such as mitochondria

A

nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles

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7
Q

Regarding early life on Earth

A

microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life

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8
Q

Cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the ________ are capable of releasing ________

A

cyanobacteria / oxygen

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9
Q

Microbes that live at high temperatures in hot springs are

A

called extremophiles.

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10
Q

The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of

A

industrial microbiology

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11
Q

What disease was Snow tracking in London when he did his epidemiological work?

A

Cholera

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12
Q

An organism of the genus Staphylococcus is ________, while an organism of the genus Spirochaeta is

A

spherical / coiled

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13
Q

What limits the resolving power of a microscope?

A

Wavelenght of light used

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14
Q

What size are prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S

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15
Q

What are bacterial cell walls compose of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

What type of microbe contains teichoic acid?

A

Gram positive

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17
Q

Which of these microbes does not contain murein?

A

Mycoplasma

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18
Q

What gets larger as cell size decreases?

A

Surface area : volume ratio

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19
Q

What type of microbe contains axial filaments?

A

Spirochetes

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20
Q

The morphology of a cell influences its

A

motility and surface-to-volume ratio

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21
Q

The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with

A

chemotaxis.

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22
Q

Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly and randomly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. These cells are exhibiting ________ motility.

A

swimming

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23
Q

Archaeans have archaella that rotate like bacterial flagella though they

A

consist of multiple protein types.

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24
Q

In general, most cell inclusions function as energy reserves or as a reservoir of structural building blocks.

A

True

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25
Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are FALSE about the two organisms? Characteristic Bacterium A Bacterium B Endospore formation yes no Capsule no yes Type IV pili yes no Flagella no no Morphology bacillus bacillus
Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility.
26
Bacteria with type IV pili
likely exhibit twitching motility.
27
Hydrolytic enzymes function in the
initial degradation of nutrients
28
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer is found ONLY in the cell walls of
gram-negative Bacteria
29
Lysozyme is an enzyme that can ultimately lyse and kill eukaryotic cells by breaking β-1, 4-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan.
False
30
The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of
gram-positive Bacteria
31
Bacteria stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell
wall
32
Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic reactions, while others are involved in membrane transport
True
33
The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages
Eukarya / Archaea
34
Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange
higher / higher
35
Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) protect DNA from ultraviolet light and are found in high numbers within
endospores
36
Some archaea have unique phospholipids in their cytoplasmic membrane that
form a monolayer due to the presence of diglycerol tetraethers
37
Eukaryotes have ________ in their cytoplasmic membranes, which serve to strengthen and stabilize the membrane and make it less flexible. Many bacteria have similar molecules, known as ________, in their cytoplasmic membranes that have a similar role
sterols / hopanoids
38
The cell wall of a Gram-positive bacterium is composed of a thick ________ layer
peptidoglycan
39
What group of bacteria are the low G+C gram positives?
Firmicutes
40
Which of these is the largest group of cultured bacteria?
Proteobacteria
41
What form of Chlamydia cells infects new host cells?
Elementary body
42
Which of these bacteria would most likely make an endospore?
Bacillus
43
What bacterium gave us the polymerase that we use in PCR?
Thermus aquaticus
44
Which group of proteobacteria are most genetically similar to our mitochondria?
Alpha
45
Which group of bacteria are oxygenic phototrophs?
Cyanobacteria
46
Which group of proteobacteria includes the cause of gastic ulcers?
Epsilon
47
Which bacterium is used to produce sauerkraut?
Leuconostoc
48
Which group of microbes includes the acid fast bacteria?
Actinobacteria
49
Which bacillus-shaped genus are primarily intracellular parasites of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects?
Wolbachia
50
Which of the following is NOT a trait of rickettsias?
They lack cell walls
51
While not all members of ________ are pathogenic, two medically relevant species cause meningitis and gonorrhea in humans
Neisseria
52
A pseudomonad that loses its R plasmid in the soil is LEAST likely to
survive a habitat dominated by antibiotic-producing Streptomyces spp
53
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Deltaproteobacteria?
Campylobacter
54
Which species does NOT produce endospores?
Listeria monocytogenes
55
Which of the following is LEAST commonly associated with endospore-forming bacteria?
They are coccus-shaped organisms
56
Mycoplasmas lack cell walls, thus
frequently exist as obligate symbionts
57
Due to the presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall of Mycobacterium spp., the ________ staining procedure can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify this genus
acid-fast
58
Chlamydiae are most commonly transmitted throughout environments by insects
False
59
What group of microbes includes the methanogens?
Euryarchaota
60
How are archaea similar to eukaryotes?
They have introns
61
What pigment do some archaea use to capture light energy?
Bacteriorhodopsin
62
What group of archaea contain crenarchaeol?
Crenarcheota
63
What is postulated to be the upper temperature limit for life on Earth?
150 C
64
What kind of growth conditions do methanogens require?
Anaerobic
65
Where would the DNA in an archaea be found?
Nucleoid
66
What sugar is found in pseudopeptidoglycan but not true peptidoglycan?
NAT
67
Which of these is NOT an adpatation for living at high temperature?
Unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids
68
When were arachae first described as a group?
1970s
69
One factor that seems to aid in maintaining lipid stability in hyperthermophilic Archaea is that dibiphytanyl tetraether lipids form a(n)
covalently bonded monolayer cytoplasmic membrane
70
Proteins known as ________ function to refold partially denatured protein
chaperonins
71
Which of the following is TRUE about the crenarchael genera Sulfolobus?
Sulfolobus can grow chemoorganotrophically
72
Laboratory isolation of Nanoarchaeum equitans requires the presence of
Ignicoccus
73
Most known methanogens are nonhalophilic
mesophiles
74
Some of the largest naturally occurring plasmids occur in the
extreme halophiles.
75
Retinal in prokaryotes is part of
light-driven ATP synthesis and phototaxis
76
Approximately ________ of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii genes have no counterparts in known genes from other sequenced organisms.
40%
77
Methanogenesis is coupled with proton motive force formation and ATP synthesis through the activity of ATPases.
True
78
What molecules make of most microbial capsules?
Polysaccharides
79
Where does aerobic respiration occur in a eukaryote?
Mitochondria
80
Which of the following organelles contains DNA?
Mitochondria
81
What group of fungi as known as the club fungi?
Basidiomycetes
82
Why does rough ER look rough?
Ribosomes present
83
Which of these is a primary endosymbiont?
Green algae
84
What type of microbes cause red tide?
Dinoflagellates
85
What cytoskeleton protein is inside a eukaryotic flagellum?
Microtubule
86
The accessory pigment phycoerythrin is dominant in the ________ group of algae, which mostly lack flagella, have multicellular lifestyles, and occur in marine waters. Those in particular which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems are classified as ________ algae.
rhodophyte / coralline
87
Endolithic phototrophic communities are most commonly found in ________ environments.
dry
88
The majority of basidiomycetes living in soil occur as
haploid mycelia
89
Of the taxa listed, which is NOT classified as a protist?
Saccharomyces
90
Spoilage of bread, which appears dark green-blue to black in color, is most likely caused by the fungu
Rhizopus nigricans
91
Which statement is TRUE regarding the ecological role of plant degradation by fungi?
In brown rot the cellulose is attacked preferentially, and the lignin is left unmetabolized
92
Which group of amoebozoans is most likely to cause illness in humans?
entamoebas
93
Evidence of ________ supports the hypothesis that eukaryotes are derived from bacteria.
ribosome characteristics and DNA content in the nucleus
94
Giardia are diplomonads which have nuclei that
occur as two similar sizes per cell.
95
Among protists, only the ciliates have a micronucleus and macronucleus where genes are located in two discrete areas within each cell for redundancy.
False
96
Which of these is an example of a pathogen that is just nucleic acid?
Viroid
97
What type of genetic material is found in group IV viruses?
ss RNA (+ strand)
98
What type of genetic material is found in group III viruses?
ds RNA
99
What is the approximate size of a virus?
50 nm
100
Which of these is an example of a group V virus?
Influenza
101
What is the first step in a viral replication cycle?
Attachment to host cell
102
Which of these is not found in viruses?
Ribosome
103
What part of a virus consists of a protein shell?
Capsid
104
Which of the following enzymes would you expect to find in the virion of a retrovirus, but NOT in a bacteriophage?
reverse transcriptase
105
Retroviruses are medically important viruses because
they include some viruses that cause cancer and HIV
106
A virus that kills its host is said to be
lytic or virulent
107
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Lambda always circularizes upon entering the host cell.
108
A prophage replicates
along with its host while the lytic genes are not expressed
109
Restriction is
a general host mechanism to prevent the invasion of foreign nucleic acid
110
A cell that allows the complete replication cycle of a virus to take place is said to be a
permissive host.
111
Enveloped viral membranes are generally ________ with associated virus-specific ______
lipid bilayers / proteins
112
Reverse transcriptase is a(n)
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
113
Viral replication occurs
intracellularly

Microbio (9 decks)

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