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anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

The 11 body systems

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphoid
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Reproduction

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2
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis, cutaneous sensation, and nonverbal communication

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3
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A

Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, and electrolyte and acid base balance

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4
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production

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5
Q

Functions of nervous system

A

Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

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6
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A

Hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination

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7
Q

Functions of Circulatory system

A

Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, antibodies, fluid, and acid base balance

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8
Q

Functions of lymphoid system

A

Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease

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9
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance, and speech

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10
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

Elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance detoxification

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11
Q

Functions of digestive system

A

Nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposable of drugs and toxins, hormones, and cleansing of blood

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12
Q

Functions of cardiovascular system

A

To transport oxygen rich blood and nutrients throughout the body

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13
Q

Levels of organization from smallest to largest

A

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

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14
Q

Define growth

A

Increase in size of a body part or the organism usually due to increase in cell numbers and/or cell size

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15
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function provides for an increase in complexity

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16
Q

Feedback loop parts

A

Variable
Receptor
Control center
Effector

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17
Q

Variable

A

The factor or event regulated

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18
Q

Receptor

A

Detects fluctuations in the variable

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19
Q

Control center

A

Determines the normal range for the variable analyzes input and determines response

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20
Q

Effector

A

Provides the response

21
Q

The difference between positive and negative feedback

A

When a variable fluctuates from the normal range negative feedback mechanisms resist the change and reverse it back towards the normal but when a variable deviates from the normal a positive feedback mechanism will enhance or exaggerate the stimulus

22
Q

3 examples of negative feedback loops

A

Control of body temperature
Control of blood pressure
Control of blood glucose levels

23
Q

3 examples of positive feedback loops

A

Blood clotting / platelet plug
Enhancement of labor contractions / increase in force and frequency
Milk let down reflex

24
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane

25
Q

What portion of the cell membrane are hydrophobic and which portion is hydrophilic and what are they made of

A

The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and the polar head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic which means they are attracted to water and the nonpolar tail of the phospholipids are hydrophobic which means they repel water

26
Q

Define move down the gradient

A

It means the substance is moving from high concentration area to low concentration area

27
Q

What is the fluid called inside the cell and outside the cell

A

Intracellular fluid is inside the cell and extracellular fluid is outside the cell

28
Q

Functions of cell membrane proteins

A

Transport / channels and carriers / moving substances
Receptors / binding sites
Enzymes / catalyst
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment / cytoskeleton
Cell to cell joining / CAMS / desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions

29
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of a transporter to move only one type of molecule or only a group of closely related molecules. The transporter cannot just move any type of molecule channels and carriers only allow certain substances in

30
Q

Saturation

A

When there is a limited number of carriers a line forms outside of the cell made from substance because too much substance is still inside

31
Q

Which facilitator protein changes shape

A

Carriers

32
Q

The 4 passive transport processes

A

Simple diffusion
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

33
Q

The 2 active transport processes

A

Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

34
Q

The 4 vesicular transport processes

A

Endocytosis / within the cell
Phagocytosis / cell eating
Pinocytosis / cell cell drinking
Receptor mediated
Exocytosis / getting rid of substance

35
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal volume
Assume nonpenetrating solute

36
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same solute/water concentration as inside the cell no change in cell shape

37
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of solute than inside the cell
Cells shrink / crenate

38
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower concentration of solute than inside the cell
Cells swell and burst / lyse

39
Q

Cranial cavity

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above

40
Q

2 main types of serous membranes

A

Parietal
Visceral

41
Q

Parietal membrane function

A
42
Q

Visceral function

A
43
Q

Smallest living structure and what level of organization we find it

A

Cells are smallest living structure and its found in the cellular level

44
Q

Na+-K+pump

A
  1. 3 Na+ ions attaches to pump
  2. Phosphate attached to pump
  3. Pump changes shape then 3 Na+ ions leave
  4. 2 K+ ions bind with the pump
  5. Phosphate group leaves pump
  6. Pump changes shape and 2 K+ ions enter into the cell
45
Q

Filtration

A

Capillary walls uses hydrostatic pressure
High pressure area inside capillary
Low pressure area outside capillary

46
Q

2 main types of serous membrane

A

Parietal
Visceral

47
Q

Parietal function

A

Body cavity walls

48
Q

Visceral function

A

Organs

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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