Exam #1

Question 1

The 11 body systems

Answer 1

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphoid
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Reproduction

Question 2

Functions of integumentary system

Answer 2

Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis, cutaneous sensation, and nonverbal communication

Question 3

Functions of skeletal system

Answer 3

Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, and electrolyte and acid base balance

Question 4

Functions of muscular system

Answer 4

Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production

Question 5

Functions of nervous system

Answer 5

Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

Question 6

Functions of endocrine system

Answer 6

Hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination

Question 7

Functions of Circulatory system

Answer 7

Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, antibodies, fluid, and acid base balance

Question 8

Functions of lymphoid system

Answer 8

Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease

Question 9

Functions of respiratory system

Answer 9

Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance, and speech

Question 10

Functions of urinary system

Answer 10

Elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance detoxification

Question 11

Functions of digestive system

Answer 11

Nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposable of drugs and toxins, hormones, and cleansing of blood

Question 12

Functions of cardiovascular system

Answer 12

To transport oxygen rich blood and nutrients throughout the body

Question 13

Levels of organization from smallest to largest

Answer 13

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

Question 14

Define growth

Answer 14

Increase in size of a body part or the organism usually due to increase in cell numbers and/or cell size

Question 15

Define differentiation

Answer 15

Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function provides for an increase in complexity

Question 16

Feedback loop parts

Answer 16

Variable
Receptor
Control center
Effector

Question 17

Variable

Answer 17

The factor or event regulated

Question 18

Receptor

Answer 18

Detects fluctuations in the variable

Question 19

Control center

Answer 19

Determines the normal range for the variable analyzes input and determines response

Question 20

Effector

Answer 20

Provides the response

Question 21

The difference between positive and negative feedback

Answer 21

When a variable fluctuates from the normal range negative feedback mechanisms resist the change and reverse it back towards the normal but when a variable deviates from the normal a positive feedback mechanism will enhance or exaggerate the stimulus

Question 22

3 examples of negative feedback loops

Answer 22

Control of body temperature
Control of blood pressure
Control of blood glucose levels

Question 23

3 examples of positive feedback loops

Answer 23

Blood clotting / platelet plug
Enhancement of labor contractions / increase in force and frequency
Milk let down reflex

Question 24

Concentration gradient

Answer 24

A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane

Question 25

What portion of the cell membrane are hydrophobic and which portion is hydrophilic and what are they made of

Answer 25

The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and the polar head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic which means they are attracted to water and the nonpolar tail of the phospholipids are hydrophobic which means they repel water

Question 26

Define move down the gradient

Answer 26

It means the substance is moving from high concentration area to low concentration area

Question 27

What is the fluid called inside the cell and outside the cell

Answer 27

Intracellular fluid is inside the cell and extracellular fluid is outside the cell

Question 28

Functions of cell membrane proteins

Answer 28

Transport / channels and carriers / moving substances Receptors / binding sites Enzymes / catalyst Cell-cell recognition Attachment / cytoskeleton Cell to cell joining / CAMS / desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions

Question 29

Specificity

Answer 29

The ability of a transporter to move only one type of molecule or only a group of closely related molecules. The transporter cannot just move any type of molecule channels and carriers only allow certain substances in

Question 30

Saturation

Answer 30

When there is a limited number of carriers a line forms outside of the cell made from substance because too much substance is still inside

Question 31

Which facilitator protein changes shape

Answer 31

Carriers

Question 32

The 4 passive transport processes

Answer 32

Simple diffusion Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion Channel mediated facilitated diffusion Osmosis

Question 33

The 2 active transport processes

Answer 33

Primary active transport Secondary active transport

Question 34

The 4 vesicular transport processes

Answer 34

Endocytosis / within the cell Phagocytosis / cell eating Pinocytosis / cell cell drinking Receptor mediated Exocytosis / getting rid of substance

Question 35

Tonicity

Answer 35

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal volume Assume nonpenetrating solute

Question 36

Isotonic solution

Answer 36

Same solute/water concentration as inside the cell no change in cell shape

Question 37

Hypertonic solution

Answer 37

Higher concentration of solute than inside the cell Cells shrink / crenate

Question 38

Hypotonic solution

Answer 38

Lower concentration of solute than inside the cell Cells swell and burst / lyse

Question 39

Cranial cavity

Answer 39

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above

Question 40

2 main types of serous membranes

Answer 40

Parietal Visceral

Question 41

Parietal membrane function

Question 42

Visceral function

Question 43

Smallest living structure and what level of organization we find it

Answer 43

Cells are smallest living structure and its found in the cellular level

Question 44

Na+-K+pump

Answer 44

1. 3 Na+ ions attaches to pump 2. Phosphate attached to pump 3. Pump changes shape then 3 Na+ ions leave 4. 2 K+ ions bind with the pump 5. Phosphate group leaves pump 6. Pump changes shape and 2 K+ ions enter into the cell

Question 45

Filtration

Answer 45

Capillary walls uses hydrostatic pressure High pressure area inside capillary Low pressure area outside capillary

Question 46

2 main types of serous membrane

Answer 46

Parietal Visceral

Question 47

Parietal function

Answer 47

Body cavity walls

Question 48

Visceral function

Answer 48

Organs