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anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam #1 Blood > Flashcards

Exam #1 Blood Flashcards

AP2

1
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormal red blood count number
thick blood and increases viscosity

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2
Q

Leukemia

A

Abnormal amount of white blood cells produced new white blood cells not functioning correctly

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3
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low white blood cells

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4
Q

Leukocytosis

A

White blood cell count over 11,000 normal response to infection

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5
Q

Opsonization

A

Coat pathogens using complement or antibodies to let macrophages more easily kill pathogens

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6
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. coagulation

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7
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

Stem cell for all blood cells

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8
Q

Interfron

A

Proteins that stop replication of a virus

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9
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Fetal= baby rh+ and the mother is rh-
no rhogam shot

1st encounter for mother with rh+ blood nothing happens to the baby
the mother starts building antibodies against the rh factor

2nd pregnancy mothers antibodies will attack fetus which is why the rhogam shot is needed

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10
Q

Plasmin

A

Breaks up blood clot in healthy BV

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11
Q

Thrombin

A

Clotting factor activate fibrinogen fibrin mesh

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12
Q

Average hematocrit percentage of a female

A

37% to 48%

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13
Q

Average hematocrit percentage of a male

A

45% to 52%

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14
Q

Differences between each of the leukocytes

A

There are two types of leukocytes granulocytes and agranulocytes

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm while agranulocytes do not

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15
Q

Lifecycle of RBC

A

Life span: 120 days
Hemoglobin to globin to amino acids to recycled

Hem to iron to ferritin or hemosiderin to bilirubin to small intestine to bowel movements

hemosiderin to blood

everything else will be consumed by macrophages

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16
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of connective tissue

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17
Q

Hemophilia

A

Deficient clotting factors which is genetic

18
Q

Sickle cell

A

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that affects the body’s red blood cells it’s caused by a mutation in the beta-globin chain of the hemoglobin molecule. (c shaped)

19
Q

Hemolytic

A

Red blood cells are going to burst
thalassemia and sickle cells

20
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Severe blood loss

21
Q

Pernicious

A

Deficiency of B12

22
Q

Correct order of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
  4. Clot retraction
  5. Fibrinolysis

D. 3,5,1,4,2

23
Q

What role do kidneys play in RBC production

A

The kidneys play a role in red blood cell (RBC) production by producing the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body

24
Q

Know the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
What initiates them
What their goal is
Which one is faster
What each pathway uses

A

What initiates them: The intrinsic pathway is triggered by internal damage to the vessel wall while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by external trauma

What their goal is: The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are two separate pathways that interact to form the clotting cascade

Which one is faster: The extrinsic pathway is faster

What each pathway uses: The intrinsic pathway is activated by factors in the blood while the extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor

25
Q

What does serotonin ADP and thromboxane have to do with blood

A

APD: Stimulate platelet aggregation

Serotonin and Thromboxane: Both enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

26
Q

How does aspirin effect our blood

A

Inhibits thromboxane can make you bleed more easily

27
Q

What are the different blood types

A

Phenotype: A, B, AB, O, and Rh + or -
AB= IA+IB
A= IA + IA or IA + i
B= IB + IB or IB + i
O= i+i

28
Q

How do we determine what blood type someone is

A

Blood types are determined by the antigens on the surface of red blood cells

29
Q

How do we get our blood types

A

Parents alleles genes

30
Q

What are the different alleles

A

There are four types of alleles dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominant

31
Q

What do the different alleles make up with our blood types

A

The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the A antigen and the B allele codes for an enzyme that makes the B antigen a third version of this gene the O allele codes for a protein that is not functional it makes no surface molecules at all

32
Q

What is a lymph and what does it do

A

Lymph is tissue fluid we make 3 liters

It returns clean fluid to circulation

33
Q

Differences between efferent lymphatics vs afferent lymphatics

A

Structure: Afferent vessels are thin-walled tubes made of smooth muscle cells, while efferent vessels are thick walled tubes with valves at both ends

Function: Afferent vessels carry unfiltered lymph fluid from blood vessels to lymph nodes while efferent vessels carry filtered lymph fluid from lymph nodes to the blood

Location: Afferent vessels flow into lymph nodes while efferent vessels flow out of lymph nodes

34
Q

Hematocrit

A

percent of red blood cell in total blood volume
male: 45% to 52% = 47%
female: 37% to 48% = 42%

35
Q

Most to least amount
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas

A

Neutrophil:
Lymphocytes:
Monocyte:
Eosinophil:
Basophil:

36
Q

Know the structure of the lymph node

A

Bean shaped 2.5 cm
Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Extensions of capsule trabeculae
Cortex contains follicles
Germinal centers dividing B cells
Deeper cortex T cells intransit
Medulla both B and T cells

37
Q

Function of the spleen thymus

A

Largest lymphoid organ
site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
filters the blood macrophages

38
Q

Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells

A

Perform: apoptosis and kill virus and cancer
Different: natural killer cells non specific
Cytotoxic T cells are Specific

39
Q

Know the differences between B and T cells

A

B
type of immune response: humoral
Antibody secretion: yes
Primary targets: extracellular pathogens
Site of origin: Red bone marrow
Site of maturation: Red bone marrow
Effector cells: plasma cells
Memory cell formation: yes

T
type of immune response: cellular
Antibody secretion: no
Primary targets: Intracellular pathogens
Site of origin: Red bone marrow
Site of maturation: thymus
Effector cells: cytotoxic
Memory cell formation: yes

What activates them
B: antigens bond with antibodies on surface of B cells

T: APC helper T and B cells

what do they have in common?
Red bone marrow and yes to memory cell formation

40
Q
A

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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