Exam #1 Blood

Question 1

Polycythemia

Answer 1

Abnormal red blood count number
thick blood and increases viscosity

Question 2

Leukemia

Answer 2

Abnormal amount of white blood cells produced new white blood cells not functioning correctly

Question 3

Leukopenia

Answer 3

Abnormally low white blood cells

Question 4

Leukocytosis

Answer 4

White blood cell count over 11,000 normal response to infection

Question 5

Opsonization

Answer 5

Coat pathogens using complement or antibodies to let macrophages more easily kill pathogens

Question 6

Hemostasis

Answer 6

Stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. coagulation

Question 7

Hemocytoblast

Answer 7

Stem cell for all blood cells

Question 8

Interfron

Answer 8

Proteins that stop replication of a virus

Question 9

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 9

Fetal= baby rh+ and the mother is rh-
no rhogam shot

1st encounter for mother with rh+ blood nothing happens to the baby
the mother starts building antibodies against the rh factor

2nd pregnancy mothers antibodies will attack fetus which is why the rhogam shot is needed

Question 10

Plasmin

Answer 10

Breaks up blood clot in healthy BV

Question 11

Thrombin

Answer 11

Clotting factor activate fibrinogen fibrin mesh

Question 12

Average hematocrit percentage of a female

Answer 12

37% to 48%

Question 13

Average hematocrit percentage of a male

Answer 13

45% to 52%

Question 14

Differences between each of the leukocytes

Answer 14

There are two types of leukocytes granulocytes and agranulocytes

Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm while agranulocytes do not

Question 15

Lifecycle of RBC

Answer 15

Life span: 120 days
Hemoglobin to globin to amino acids to recycled

Hem to iron to ferritin or hemosiderin to bilirubin to small intestine to bowel movements

hemosiderin to blood

everything else will be consumed by macrophages

Question 16

Jaundice

Answer 16

Yellowing of connective tissue

Question 17

Hemophilia

Answer 17

Deficient clotting factors which is genetic

Question 18

Sickle cell

Answer 18

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that affects the body’s red blood cells it’s caused by a mutation in the beta-globin chain of the hemoglobin molecule. (c shaped)

Question 19

Hemolytic

Answer 19

Red blood cells are going to burst
thalassemia and sickle cells

Question 20

Hemorrhagic

Answer 20

Severe blood loss

Question 21

Pernicious

Answer 21

Deficiency of B12

Question 22

Correct order of hemostasis

Answer 22

1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
4. Clot retraction
5. Fibrinolysis

D. 3,5,1,4,2

Question 23

What role do kidneys play in RBC production

Answer 23

The kidneys play a role in red blood cell (RBC) production by producing the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body

Question 24

Know the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
What initiates them
What their goal is
Which one is faster
What each pathway uses

Answer 24

What initiates them: The intrinsic pathway is triggered by internal damage to the vessel wall while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by external trauma

What their goal is: The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are two separate pathways that interact to form the clotting cascade

Which one is faster: The extrinsic pathway is faster

What each pathway uses: The intrinsic pathway is activated by factors in the blood while the extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor

Question 25

What does serotonin ADP and thromboxane have to do with blood

Answer 25

APD: Stimulate platelet aggregation Serotonin and Thromboxane: Both enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation

Question 26

How does aspirin effect our blood

Answer 26

Inhibits thromboxane can make you bleed more easily

Question 27

What are the different blood types

Answer 27

Phenotype: A, B, AB, O, and Rh + or - AB= IA+IB A= IA + IA or IA + i B= IB + IB or IB + i O= i+i

Question 28

How do we determine what blood type someone is

Answer 28

Blood types are determined by the antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Question 29

How do we get our blood types

Answer 29

Parents alleles genes

Question 30

What are the different alleles

Answer 30

There are four types of alleles dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominant

Question 31

What do the different alleles make up with our blood types

Answer 31

The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the A antigen and the B allele codes for an enzyme that makes the B antigen a third version of this gene the O allele codes for a protein that is not functional it makes no surface molecules at all

Question 32

What is a lymph and what does it do

Answer 32

Lymph is tissue fluid we make 3 liters It returns clean fluid to circulation

Question 33

Differences between efferent lymphatics vs afferent lymphatics

Answer 33

Structure: Afferent vessels are thin-walled tubes made of smooth muscle cells, while efferent vessels are thick walled tubes with valves at both ends Function: Afferent vessels carry unfiltered lymph fluid from blood vessels to lymph nodes while efferent vessels carry filtered lymph fluid from lymph nodes to the blood Location: Afferent vessels flow into lymph nodes while efferent vessels flow out of lymph nodes

Question 34

Hematocrit

Answer 34

percent of red blood cell in total blood volume male: 45% to 52% = 47% female: 37% to 48% = 42%

Question 35

Most to least amount Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Answer 35

Neutrophil: Lymphocytes: Monocyte: Eosinophil: Basophil:

Question 36

Know the structure of the lymph node

Answer 36

Bean shaped 2.5 cm Surrounded by a fibrous capsule Extensions of capsule trabeculae Cortex contains follicles Germinal centers dividing B cells Deeper cortex T cells intransit Medulla both B and T cells

Question 37

Function of the spleen thymus

Answer 37

Largest lymphoid organ site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance filters the blood macrophages

Question 38

Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells

Answer 38

Perform: apoptosis and kill virus and cancer Different: natural killer cells non specific Cytotoxic T cells are Specific

Question 39

Know the differences between B and T cells

Answer 39

B type of immune response: humoral Antibody secretion: yes Primary targets: extracellular pathogens Site of origin: Red bone marrow Site of maturation: Red bone marrow Effector cells: plasma cells Memory cell formation: yes T type of immune response: cellular Antibody secretion: no Primary targets: Intracellular pathogens Site of origin: Red bone marrow Site of maturation: thymus Effector cells: cytotoxic Memory cell formation: yes What activates them B: antigens bond with antibodies on surface of B cells T: APC helper T and B cells what do they have in common? Red bone marrow and yes to memory cell formation