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anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam #5 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Insertion

A

Generally the part that the muscle moves

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2
Q

Origin

A

Muscle attachment that doesn’t move

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3
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the prime mover

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5
Q

Perimysium

A

thicker connective tissue sheath
Wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

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8
Q

Neuromuscular junction
Motor end plate

A

The point where a nerve fiber meets any target cell is a synapse when the target cell is a muscle fiber the synapse is also called NMJ

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9
Q

Myoglobin

A

O2 binding protein stores O2

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10
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

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11
Q

I band

A

The region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains only thin filaments

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12
Q

Z line/disc

A

A protein band that defines the boundaries of a muscle sarcomere

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13
Q

A band

A

A dark region within a sarcomere that contains thick myosin filaments

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14
Q

Elastic filaments

A

Protein filaments in a sarcomere that stretch from the M-line to the Z-line

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15
Q

Thin filament

A

Made of actin along with the two other regulatory proteins-troponin and tropomyosin

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16
Q

Thick filament

A

Organized bundles of myosin

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber

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18
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks muscle contraction

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19
Q

Troponin

A

Promotes muscle contraction

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20
Q

Actin

A

A protein that is found in all eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Globular heads

A

Key to muscle contraction
The globular head of myosin is a well conserved protein that extends from myosin filaments and binds actin

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22
Q

Flexed hinge region

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A

A flexible amino acid stretch that connects two domains in a protein

23
Q

Cross-bridge cycling

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A

A series of events that occurs during muscle contraction
It describes the interaction of actin and myosin within muscle cells.

24
Q

Myosin Binding sites

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A

ATP binding site is when myosin binds to ATP at this site which causes myosin to release actin
Actin binding site is when myosin binds to actin at a binding site on the globular actin protein

25
What happens with ACh and Na+ during depolarization of a muscle fiber
Na+ channels are open K+ channels are closed
26
The differences between isometric and isotonic contractions
Isometric contractions no movement occurs tension builds Isotonic Contractions movement occurs tension builds and muscle length changes
27
The 3 energy producing pathways, how much ATP they produce, what activities are associated with each pathway
1. Direct phosphorylation 1 ATP 15 seconds hitting a ball diving kicking a ball 2. Anaerobic pathway 2 ATP 30 to 60 seconds sprinting and running 3. Aerobic pathway 32 ATP and hours marathon runners and activities longer than 30 mins
28
What events occur during a skeletal muscle contraction What channels are open and closed What ions are transporting in and out of the cell
The action potential is conducted through the T-tubules Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ions bind to troponin Myosin head (cross bridge) binds to the actin The myosin head pivots and pulls on the actin filament A new ATP attaches to the myosin head detaches from the actin
29
How is lactic acid produced in the body
When cells break down carbohydrates for energy When oxygen levels are low it is mainly produced in muscle cells and red blood cells But it can come from any tissue in your body.
30
Why does rigor mortis happens after death
Dying muscle cells take on calcium from the extracellular fluid this promotes the formation of myosin cross bridges Actin myosin binding lack of ATP makes detachment impossible Results in stiffness of the muscles Disappears as muscle proteins breakdown 15-25 hours later
31
How is calcium transported during the relaxation and muscle contraction phases
During muscle relaxation calcium is pumped back into the SR using ATP
32
What is botox, where it comes from and how it affects the motor end plate
A neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Produced from a culture of the hall strain of C botulinum It blocks the release of acetylcholine
33
What is Myasthenia Gravis
An autoimmune disease Antibodies block or destroy ACh receptors Results in a shortage of ACh receptors Disease is progressive Drooping eyelids difficulty swallowing generalized muscle weakness
34
The 3 muscle fiber types and what activities they are responsible for
Slow Oxidative Fibers running a marathon Fast Oxidative Fibers sprinting and walking Fast Glycolytic Fibers hitting a baseball
35
List events in order
The action potential is conducted through the T-tubules Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ions bind to troponin Myosin head (cross bridge) binds to the actin The myosin head pivots and pulls on the actin filament A new ATP attaches to the myosin; head detaches from the actin.
36
Flexion
Bending movement decrease angle of joint
37
Extension
Bending movement increase angle of joint
38
Hyperextension
Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit
39
Dorsiflexion
Lifting the foot superior surface toward shin
40
Plantar flexion
Depressing the foot pointing the toes
41
Inversion
Sole of foot turns medially
42
Eversion
Sole of foot turns laterally
43
Supination
Rotate forearm laterally so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly
44
Pronation
Rotate forearm medially so palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly
45
Abduction
Move a limb away from the midline along frontal plane
46
Adduction
Move a limb toward the midline long frontal plane
47
Circumduction
Distal end of limb moves in circle
48
Rotation
Turn a bone around its own long axis toward or away from midline
49
Protraction
Anterior movement in transverse plane moves mandible forward
50
Retraction
Posterior movement in transverse plane
51
Elevation
Lift a body part superiorly
52
Depression
Move elevated body part inferiorly
53
Isometric
No movement occurs, tension builds
54
Isotonic
Movement occurs tension builds and muscle length changes

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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